T. Barry Levine, Arlene Bradley Levine

Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Trends indicate that the metabolic syndrome will become the leading risk factor for heart disease. Now more than ever you need an all-in-one reference that provides the tools and practical advice you need to: * Identify at-risk patients * Explain individual contributing factors * Aid in patient education and motivation * Direct comprehensive care and * Choose the most appropriate interventions Comprehensively revised to reflect leading-edge research and now organized to facilitate easy access to essential information and clinically-relevant guidance, Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease, 2e offers this and more. Not only will you receive a solid understanding of the pathophysiology underlying the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease but also the rationale for today's most effective treatments. What's new? Filled with timely new content, this updated edition covers: * New discoveries that have changed our understanding of the pathogenesis and interrelationship of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease (CHD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) * The relevance of mitochondria and telomeres * Sleep and its impact on cardiometabolic health * The pivotal interplay between insulin and forkhead transcriptionfactors * Calorie restriction research * Bariatric surgery experiences and outcomes In addition, each chapter includes essential information on comorbidities, interventions, and pharmacotherapeutic options - an exclusive feature found only in the second edition!

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Jossey-Bass
• Seitenzahl: 512
• Erscheinungstermin: 5. Juli 2012
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118480076
• Artikelnr.: 38254000

Autorenporträt

T. Barry Levine, MD, FACC, is Chief Medical Officer, A.B.L.E. Medical Consulting. He is Professor of Medicine at Drexel University College of Medicine in Philadelphia, PA. Dr. Levine is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology, a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the International Academy of Cardiology, and a board member of the Tracleer International Scientific Advisory Board. In addition, he is a member of the American Federation for Clinical Research, the American Heart Association, the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, the American College of Chest Physicians, and the Heart Failure Society of America. Dr. Levine has been recognized by his peers in "Best Doctors in America" and "Top Docs in Pittsburgh". Dr. Levine has participated in numerous clinical trials, authored many articles (138), and created a variety of media presentations on heart failure, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. He along with Dr. Arlene B. Levine has written "A Patient's Guide to Heart Failure" and has authored a textbook, "Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease". Arlene Bradley Levine, MD, FACC, is CEO, A.B.L.E. Medical Consulting. She is Assistant Professor of Medicine at Michigan State University and? is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease. Dr. Levine is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology. She is a member of the American Heart Association, the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, the American College of Chest Physicians, and the Heart Failure Society of America. Dr. Levine has authored 45 articles, and has been recognized by her peers in "Best Doctors in America" and "Top Docs in Pittsburgh".

Inhaltsangabe

Preface  viii
List of Abbreviations  ix
1 The Metabolic Syndrome: A Relevant Concept?  1
2 Mitochondria  3
Background  3
Cellular respiration  6
Modulation of mitochondrial metabolic activity  9
Factors that affect mitochondrial number and activity  10
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1  11
Mitochondrial production of prooxidant species  12
Mitochondria and nitric oxide  15
Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis  17
The mitochondrial permeability transition   18
Apoptosis   22
Causes for mitochondrial dysfunction   22
Implications of mitochondrial dysfunction   27
Mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease   27
Mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disease   29
Conclusion   32
Bibliography   34
3 Telomeres   40
Telomere structure   40
Telomere function   41
Telomere shortening   41
Telomere dysfunction   42
Physiologic age   42
Gender differences   43
Telomerase   43
Cell senescence and apoptosis   46
Telomeres in aging   49
Risk factors for cardiometabolic disease   51
Telomeres  senescence  and chronic disease   54
Cardiovascular disease   54
Insulin resistance and type 2 DM   57
Conclusion   58
Bibliography   60
4 The FoxO Transcription Factors and Sirtuins   64
Forkhead transcription factors   64
Functions of FoxO   68
Cardiovascular forkhead effects   70
Metabolic forkhead effects   72
Histone acetylation and deacetylation   75
Sirtuin deacetylases   76
Sirtuin regulation   78
Antiinflammatory  cardiovascular  and myocyte sirtuin effects   80
Sirtuin effects on metabolism   81
Sirtuins and cell longevity   83
Forkhead deregulation and insulin resistance   85
Paradoxical effect of nutrition versus stress on cell death suppression  
87
Conclusion   89
Bibliography   90
5 Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor   96
Anabolism and catabolism   96
Control of plasma glucose   96
Insulin   97
Insulin receptor location   98
Metabolic insulin signaling   101
Insulin-mediated glucose uptake   103
Nutrient storage and metabolism   104
Vascular and antiinflammatory effects   106
Mitogenic action   107
Insulin-like growth factor   108
Insulin and IGF impact on cell longevity   111
Amylin   113
Glucagon   113
Conclusion   113
Bibliography  114
6 Oxidative Stress   120
Free radicals   120
Oxidases   120
Sources for free radicals   123
Endogenous antioxidants   124
Physiologic functions of oxidative stress   126
Mechanisms of oxidative damage   127
Cellular stress-sensitive pathways   127
Cellular targets of oxidative stress   128
Oxidative stress-related diseases   129
Endothelial dysfunction with oxidative stress   129
Cardiovascular disease   130
Insulin resistance and type 2 DM   131
Conclusion   133
Bibliography   134
7 Mental Stress   139
Stress responses   139
Central stress pathways   139
Peripheral stress pathways   140
Fight-flight-fright responses to acute stress   142
Sequelae of sustained passive stress   142
Inflammatory effects of stress pathways   143
Vascular and lipoprotein effects of
stress pathways   143
Stress impact on body weight   146
Metabolic effects of stress pathways   146
Depression and other mood disturbances   149
Conclusion   152
Bibliography   153
8 Sleep   159
Stages of sleep   159
Cardiovascular parameters during normal sleep   160
Function of sleep   161
Sleep duration   164
Circadian rhythm   165
Examples of circadian regulation   166
Neurohormonal modulation of wakefulness   168
Neurohormonal modulation of sleep   170
Sleep-arousal transitions   172
Sleep deficit   174
Pathophysiologic effects of sleep debt   175
Sleep debt and risk of cardiometabolic disorder   177
Sleep disorders   179
Conclusion   182
Bibliography   183
9 Inflammation   192
Immune responses   192
Selected participants in the inflammatory response   193
C-reactive protein   198
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and inflammation   199
Inflammation and chronic diseases   202
Inflammation  endothelial and vascular dysfunction   202
Inflammation and atherosclerosis   205
Acute inflammation  carbohydrate metabolism  and dyslipidemia   210
Chronic inflammation and the metabolic syndrome   213
Causes for systemic inflammation   215
Conclusion   218
Bibliography   219
10 Adipose Tissue and Overweight   228
Energy storage   228
Diverse fat depots   230
Adipose tissue as immune organ   234
Adipose tissue as endocrine organ   236
Adipokines with beneficial cardiometabolic effect   237
Adipokines with detrimental cardiometabolic effect   244
Obesity comorbidities and cardiovascular disease   250
Obesity  insulin resistance  and diabetes   252
Conclusion   254
Bibliography   255
11 Weight Loss and Diet   266
Homeostatic responses to weight gain and weight loss   266
Adipose weight loss effects   267
Antiinflammatory  vasculoprotective  and metabolic effects of weight loss  
267
Dietary intervention for weight loss   269
Calorie restriction   270
Surgical intervention   277
Diet   279
Exercise as adjunct to weight loss   289
Conclusion   289
Bibliography   291
12 Skeletal Muscle and Exercise   303
Myocyte structure and function   303
Metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle   305
Energy sensors   311
Skeletal muscle in inflammation   317
Skeletal muscle in insulin resistance   318
Exercise effect on inflammation and oxidative stress   320
Exercise effect on metabolism in obesity  322
Exercise effect and cardiovascular health   322
Exercise and insulin resistance   325
Exercise and mortality   328
Exercise recommendation   331
Conclusion   332
Bibliography   334
13 Lipids  Atherogenic Dyslipidemia  and Therapy   347
Apolipoproteins   347
Lipoproteins   347
Apo A-containing lipoproteins   348
Apo B-containing lipoproteins   355
Apolipoproteins C  D  and E   360
The triglyceride lipase family   360
The normal metabolism of free fatty acids   363
Inflammation and hepatic insulin resistance   365
Atherogenic dyslipidemia in insulin resistance   369
Lipid-lowering therapy   372
The HMG CoA reductase inhibitors   374
Nicotinic acid   387
The fibric acid derivatives   388
Bile acid sequestrants   391
Ezetimibe   391
CETP inhibition   391
Conclusion   392
Bibliography   393
14 The Endothelium  Cardiovascular Disease  and Therapy   409
Endothelial function  409
Nitric oxide synthase and eNOS  409
Endothelial NO synthesis  410
Specific enhancers of NO synthesis   413
Functions of nitric oxide   415
Shear stress and vascular function   418
Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction   420
Insulin  insulin resistance  and endothelial dysfunction   424
Implications of endothelial dysfunction   428
Assessment of endothelial function   430
Hypertension   432
Cardiomyopathy   434
Coronary and peripheral vascular disease   440
Pharmacologic antagonism of the  renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and
endothelin-1   443
Beta-adrenergic blockade   448
Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors  449
Conclusion   450
Bibliography   451
15 Insulin Resistance  Metabolic Syndrome  and Therapy   468
Diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome   468
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome   470
Insulin resistance   470
Causes of insulin resistance   474
Pathways toward insulin resistance   476
Pharmacologic therapy to improve insulin sensitivity   480
Conclusion   483
Bibliography   484
Index   491