Robert Heidersbach

Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Details the proper methods to assess, prevent, and reduce corrosion in the oil industry using today's most advanced technologies This book discusses upstream operations, with an emphasis on production, and pipelines, which are closely tied to upstream operations. It also examines protective coatings, alloy selection, chemical treatments, and cathodic protection--the main means of corrosion control. The strength and hardness levels of metals is also discussed, as this affects the resistance of metals to hydrogen embrittlement, a major concern for high-strength steels and some other alloys. It is intended for use by personnel with limited backgrounds in chemistry, metallurgy, and corrosion and will give them a general understanding of how and why corrosion occurs and the practical approaches to how the effects of corrosion can be mitigated. Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production, Second Edition updates the original chapters while including a new case studies chapter. Beginning with an introduction to oilfield metallurgy and corrosion control, the book provides in-depth coverage of the field with chapters on: chemistry of corrosion; corrosive environments; materials; forms of corrosion; corrosion control; inspection, monitoring, and testing; and oilfield equipment. * Covers all aspects of upstream oil and gas production from downhole drilling to pipelines and tanker terminal operations * Offers an introduction to corrosion for entry-level corrosion control specialists * Contains detailed photographs to illustrate descriptions in the text Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production, Second Edition is an excellent book for engineers and related professionals in the oil and gas production industries. It will also be an asset to the entry-level corrosion control professional who may have a theoretical background in metallurgy, chemistry, or a related field, but who needs to understand the practical limitations of large-scale industrial operations associated with oil and gas production.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley
• Seitenzahl: 368
• Erscheinungstermin: 17. September 2018
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119252375
• Artikelnr.: 56980920

Autorenporträt

Robert Heidersbach, PhD, is the President of Dr. Rust, Inc., a consulting firm that specializes in corrosion, metallurgy, and materials consulting for a variety of international clients, including oil and gas production, military hardware, construction, litigation, and failure analysis. He was previously a faculty member in ocean engineering at the University of Rhode Island, chemical engineering at Oklahoma State, and metallurgy and materials engineering at California Polytechnic State University.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xiii

1 Introduction to Oilfield Metallurgy and Corrosion Control 1

Costs, 1

Safety, 2

Environmental Damage, 2

Corrosion Control, 3

References, 3

2 Chemistry of Corrosion 5

Electrochemistry of Corrosion, 5

Electrochemical Reactions, 5

Electrolyte Conductivity, 6

Faraday's Law of Electrolysis, 6

Electrode Potentials and Current, 6

Corrosion Rate Expressions, 10

pH, 10

Passivity, 11

Potential-pH (Pourbaix) Diagrams, 11

Summary, 12

References, 12

3 Corrosive Environments 15

External Environments, 16

Atmospheric Corrosion, 17

Water as a Corrosive Environment, 18

Soils as Corrosive Environments, 20

Corrosion Under Insulation, 21

Internal Environments, 24

Crude Oil, 24

Natural Gas, 25

Oxygen, 26

Carbon Dioxide, 26

Hydrogen Sulfide, 29

Organic Acids, 32

Scale, 33

Microbially Influenced Corrosion (MIC), 36

Mercury, 41

Hydrates, 41

Fluid Flow Effects on Corrosion, 41

Summary, 41

References, 42

4 Materials 47

Metallurgy Fundamentals, 47

Crystal Structure, 47

Material Defects, Inclusions, and Precipitates, 48

Strengthening Methods, 50

Mechanical Properties, 51

Forming Methods, 60

Castings, 60

Wrought Metal Products, 60

Welding, 61

Clad Metals, 65

Additive Manufacturing, 65

Materials Specifications, 65

API - The American Petroleum Institute, 66

AISI - The American Iron and Steel Institute, 66

ASTM International (Formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials), 66

ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 67

SAE International (Formerly the Society of Automotive Engineers), 67

UNS - The Universal Numbering System, 67

NACE - The Corrosion Society (Formerly the National Association of Corrosion Engineers), 68

Other Organizations, 68

Use of Materials Specifications, 68

Carbon Steels, Cast Irons, and Low-Alloy Steels, 69

Classifications of Carbon Steels, 71

Alloying Elements and Their Influence on Properties of Steel, 72

Strengthening Methods for Carbon Steels, 74

Quench and Tempered (Q&T) Steels, 75

Carbon Equivalents and Weldability, 76

Cleanliness of Steel, 76

Cast Irons, 76

Corrosion-Resistant Alloys (CRAs), 77

Iron-Nickel Alloys, 77

Stainless Steels, 78

Nickel-based Alloys, 83

Cobalt-based Alloys, 84

Titanium Alloys, 84

Copper Alloys, 86

Aluminum Alloys, 89

Additional Considerations with CRAs, 91

Polymers, Elastomers, and Composites, 93

Materials Selection Guidelines, 97

References, 97

5 Forms of Corrosion 101

Introduction, 101

General Corrosion, 102

Galvanic Corrosion, 104

Galvanic Coupling of Two or More Metals, 104

Area Ratio, 105

Metallurgically Induced Galvanic Corrosion, 107

Environmentally Induced Galvanic Corrosion, 109

Polarity Reversal, 111

Conductivity of the Electrolyte, 111

Control of Galvanic Corrosion, 111

Pitting Corrosion, 112

Occluded Cell Corrosion, 113

Pitting Corrosion Geometry and Stress Conce