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This book presents the latest neuroscience and physiological explanations behind the major diagnostic categories of mental illnessincluding schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and addictionand explains the physiological bases that underlie traditional pharmaceutical treatment interventions. Crucially, it integrates current information about brain function with new research on immunology, offering a research-based rationale for viewing the mind and the body as an integrated system. The new information on the physiological bases for behavior explains how lifestyle interventions related to diet,…mehr
This book presents the latest neuroscience and physiological explanations behind the major diagnostic categories of mental illnessincluding schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and addictionand explains the physiological bases that underlie traditional pharmaceutical treatment interventions. Crucially, it integrates current information about brain function with new research on immunology, offering a research-based rationale for viewing the mind and the body as an integrated system. The new information on the physiological bases for behavior explains how lifestyle interventions related to diet, exercise, and interpersonal relationships can have dramatic therapeutic effects on mental health.
Of particular note in this book is cutting-edge information on fast-spiking GABA interneurons and the role of NMDA receptors in psychosis, the role of inflammatory processes in mood disorders, and gut microbiota's influence on inflammation. Beyond the physiology undergirding distress, the book also explores the physiological bases for health and resilience. Students and mental health professionals in social work, counseling, and psychology will learn how the same mechanisms available for overcoming mental anguish can be utilized for achieving life satisfaction.
KEY FEATURES:
Discusses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, pediatric bipolar disorder, issues for children in the child welfare system, and advocacy efforts
Presents the latest information on the efficacy and side effects of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, and stimulants
Explains the mechanisms through which diet and exercise can influence mood disorders and psychosis
Prepares mental health professionals to provide services in primary care settings in the role of the behavioral health professional
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Autorenporträt
Jill Littrell, PhD, LCSW, is Associate Professor, Georgia State University School of Social Work.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface 1. Ways of Thinking About Behavioral Syndromes The Current Paradigm and How We Got There History of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals of the American Psychiatric Association Major Depression and Anxiety Used to Be Neurosis The DSM-IV Continues the Tradition of Medicalizing More of Us Controversy Over the DSM-5 The Limitations of Current Diagnostic Categories Abandonment of the DSM-5 Extensive Nature of the Mind–Body Connection Are Diagnoses Needed? What Should Be the Criteria for Disorder? Has Labeling Ordinary Behavior as Mental Illness Resulted in Better Outcomes? The Approach in This Book 2. Physiology Section 1: Genes and Epigenetics The Two-Step Process of Making a Protein How the Cell Decides Whether to Make a Protein Epigenetics Telomeres Section 2: Neurons and Neurotransmitters The Life Cycle of a Neurotransmitter How Are the Functions of Neurotransmitters Investigated? Specific Neurotransmitters Section 3: The Immune System Two Major Divisions: Innate and Adaptive Immunity The Glial Cells Section 4: Circuits Appetitive Signaling Creating Learned Helplessness Regulation of Impulses, Motor Activity, and Emotions Putting It All Together: BAS and BIS Section 5: Emotions Emotions in General Autonomic Nervous System Hormonal Activity Specific Emotions Section 6: The Human Brain Is Social Exercises to Rehearse the Vocabulary Used in Subsequent Chapters 3. Psychopharmacology Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Ways to Ingest Drugs Ways in Which Drugs Are Eliminated From the Body Drug Dependence General Concepts Major Classes of Psychotropic Drugs Stimulants Antipsychotics Antidepressants Sedative-Hypnotic Agents Mood Stabilizers Major Classes of Drugs of Abuse Marijuana Opioids Nicotine Alcohol Marketing of Drugs in the United States Concerns About Threats to Health Concerns Over Cost Where Does the Pharmaceutical Industry Spend Its Money? Mechanisms for Controlling Medical Practice Psychiatric Medications The Role of Behavioral Health Clinicians With Regard to Pharmaceuticals Obligations in Assuming Responsibilities for Monitoring Side Effects Clinicians Functioning Independently Informed-Consent Duties of Clinicians in Clear Mental Health Professional Roles What Can Nonmedical Clinicians Say About Medications? Websites for Information Regarding Drugs 4. Depression The Syndrome of Depressive Behaviors Prevalence Over Time and Cultures Findings in Those With Major Depression Brain Imaging and EEG Findings Hormonal Findings Thinking Styles Emotional Control or Regulation Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Theories Learned Helplessness Inflammation Heritability Drug Treatment Efficacy Withdrawal Side Effects Pregnancy Changing Recommendations Ketamine Novel Drugs Electrical Stimulation Treatment Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Deep Brain Stimulation Activities to Increase Regulatory Capacity Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Ways to Target Inflammation Increasing HRV (Vagal Tone) Direct Anti-Inflammatories Diet Obtaining Adequate Sleep Exercise Meditation Social Engagement Summary Useful Websites and Information on Food 5. Anxiety The Physiology of Anxiety Basic Physiology of Fear Differentiating Anxiety From Fear Fear Memories How Does Extinction Happen? Possibility of Reconsolidation Teaching Active Coping Types of Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatments Talk Therapies Medications for Anxiety Other Nondrug Treatments Ways in Which to Talk About and Deal With Past Traumatic Events Making Decisions About How to Proceed 6. Psychotic Disorders Physiology of Psychosis Fast-Spiking, GABA-Producing Interneurons Problems With the NMDA Receptor Inflammatory Factors and Free Radicals Limitations in Current Diagnostic Practices Current Treatments Side Effects With Current Treatments Questions Raised by Long-Term Follow-Up Studies Better Targets for Treatment Dilemma for Society and Clinicians 7. Bipolar Disorders History of the Concept Why Was Bipolar II Added? Bipolar I Does Depression Always Occur in Those With Mania? Bipolar II Nonclinical College Student Samples of Bipolar II Summary Treatment Must Pharmacological Treatment Be Initiated to Prevent Kindling? The Pharmacological Treatments: Lithium, Anticonvulsants, and Atypical Antipsychotics Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatment Current Outcomes for Those With Bipolar II Alternative to Drugs Regular Routines Omega-3s N-Acetylcysteine Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? 8. Addictions Neuroscience of Addiction The Process of Becoming Addicted: Drug Sensitization It Is Not About Pleasure The Brain Is Being Changed When Are Addicts More Vulnerable to Relapse? Understanding Addiction Do Addicts Use Because They Are in Pain? Substance Abusers Are a Heterogeneous Population Genetic Predisposition How to Approach Clients Is Breaking Down Denial Relevant? New Approaches: Transtheoretical Models of Change and Motivational Interviewing What Level of Drug Consumption Should Be Changed? The Wisdom of Initial Sobriety Initial Engagement Assessing Detox Requirements Assessing Level of Care Goals of Treatment Relapse Prevention Developing Self-Regulation Dealing With Abstinence Violation Syndrome Pharmaceutical Treatments Efficacy of Treatment Reflections on U.S. Drug Policy 9. Children Rise in Medicating Children Pediatric Bipolar Disorder The Push to Medicate Side Effects of the Drugs The Status of the Diagnosis Major Depression Efficacy of Antidepressants Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Genetics and Neurobiology Stimulant Treatment Efficacy Alternatives Foster Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder General Alternatives for Children 10. New Opportunities and How to Proceed Mental Illness in the United States Is an Epidemic Case Against Diagnoses That Create Harm Lessons From the Resilience Literature The Goal of Flourishing What to Do to Increase Positive Mood Primacy of Social Support Humor Music Making Blessings Salient Meditation and Yoga Envisioning Positive Future Selves Being Able to Forgive Increasing the Probability of Taking Action Integrating Behavioral Health Into Primary Care Screening Larger Social Change Appendix: Screening Instruments Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test CAGE Questionnaire The Satisfaction With Life Scale The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Index
Preface 1. Ways of Thinking About Behavioral Syndromes The Current Paradigm and How We Got There History of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals of the American Psychiatric Association Major Depression and Anxiety Used to Be Neurosis The DSM-IV Continues the Tradition of Medicalizing More of Us Controversy Over the DSM-5 The Limitations of Current Diagnostic Categories Abandonment of the DSM-5 Extensive Nature of the Mind–Body Connection Are Diagnoses Needed? What Should Be the Criteria for Disorder? Has Labeling Ordinary Behavior as Mental Illness Resulted in Better Outcomes? The Approach in This Book 2. Physiology Section 1: Genes and Epigenetics The Two-Step Process of Making a Protein How the Cell Decides Whether to Make a Protein Epigenetics Telomeres Section 2: Neurons and Neurotransmitters The Life Cycle of a Neurotransmitter How Are the Functions of Neurotransmitters Investigated? Specific Neurotransmitters Section 3: The Immune System Two Major Divisions: Innate and Adaptive Immunity The Glial Cells Section 4: Circuits Appetitive Signaling Creating Learned Helplessness Regulation of Impulses, Motor Activity, and Emotions Putting It All Together: BAS and BIS Section 5: Emotions Emotions in General Autonomic Nervous System Hormonal Activity Specific Emotions Section 6: The Human Brain Is Social Exercises to Rehearse the Vocabulary Used in Subsequent Chapters 3. Psychopharmacology Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Ways to Ingest Drugs Ways in Which Drugs Are Eliminated From the Body Drug Dependence General Concepts Major Classes of Psychotropic Drugs Stimulants Antipsychotics Antidepressants Sedative-Hypnotic Agents Mood Stabilizers Major Classes of Drugs of Abuse Marijuana Opioids Nicotine Alcohol Marketing of Drugs in the United States Concerns About Threats to Health Concerns Over Cost Where Does the Pharmaceutical Industry Spend Its Money? Mechanisms for Controlling Medical Practice Psychiatric Medications The Role of Behavioral Health Clinicians With Regard to Pharmaceuticals Obligations in Assuming Responsibilities for Monitoring Side Effects Clinicians Functioning Independently Informed-Consent Duties of Clinicians in Clear Mental Health Professional Roles What Can Nonmedical Clinicians Say About Medications? Websites for Information Regarding Drugs 4. Depression The Syndrome of Depressive Behaviors Prevalence Over Time and Cultures Findings in Those With Major Depression Brain Imaging and EEG Findings Hormonal Findings Thinking Styles Emotional Control or Regulation Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Theories Learned Helplessness Inflammation Heritability Drug Treatment Efficacy Withdrawal Side Effects Pregnancy Changing Recommendations Ketamine Novel Drugs Electrical Stimulation Treatment Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Deep Brain Stimulation Activities to Increase Regulatory Capacity Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Ways to Target Inflammation Increasing HRV (Vagal Tone) Direct Anti-Inflammatories Diet Obtaining Adequate Sleep Exercise Meditation Social Engagement Summary Useful Websites and Information on Food 5. Anxiety The Physiology of Anxiety Basic Physiology of Fear Differentiating Anxiety From Fear Fear Memories How Does Extinction Happen? Possibility of Reconsolidation Teaching Active Coping Types of Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatments Talk Therapies Medications for Anxiety Other Nondrug Treatments Ways in Which to Talk About and Deal With Past Traumatic Events Making Decisions About How to Proceed 6. Psychotic Disorders Physiology of Psychosis Fast-Spiking, GABA-Producing Interneurons Problems With the NMDA Receptor Inflammatory Factors and Free Radicals Limitations in Current Diagnostic Practices Current Treatments Side Effects With Current Treatments Questions Raised by Long-Term Follow-Up Studies Better Targets for Treatment Dilemma for Society and Clinicians 7. Bipolar Disorders History of the Concept Why Was Bipolar II Added? Bipolar I Does Depression Always Occur in Those With Mania? Bipolar II Nonclinical College Student Samples of Bipolar II Summary Treatment Must Pharmacological Treatment Be Initiated to Prevent Kindling? The Pharmacological Treatments: Lithium, Anticonvulsants, and Atypical Antipsychotics Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatment Current Outcomes for Those With Bipolar II Alternative to Drugs Regular Routines Omega-3s N-Acetylcysteine Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? 8. Addictions Neuroscience of Addiction The Process of Becoming Addicted: Drug Sensitization It Is Not About Pleasure The Brain Is Being Changed When Are Addicts More Vulnerable to Relapse? Understanding Addiction Do Addicts Use Because They Are in Pain? Substance Abusers Are a Heterogeneous Population Genetic Predisposition How to Approach Clients Is Breaking Down Denial Relevant? New Approaches: Transtheoretical Models of Change and Motivational Interviewing What Level of Drug Consumption Should Be Changed? The Wisdom of Initial Sobriety Initial Engagement Assessing Detox Requirements Assessing Level of Care Goals of Treatment Relapse Prevention Developing Self-Regulation Dealing With Abstinence Violation Syndrome Pharmaceutical Treatments Efficacy of Treatment Reflections on U.S. Drug Policy 9. Children Rise in Medicating Children Pediatric Bipolar Disorder The Push to Medicate Side Effects of the Drugs The Status of the Diagnosis Major Depression Efficacy of Antidepressants Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Genetics and Neurobiology Stimulant Treatment Efficacy Alternatives Foster Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder General Alternatives for Children 10. New Opportunities and How to Proceed Mental Illness in the United States Is an Epidemic Case Against Diagnoses That Create Harm Lessons From the Resilience Literature The Goal of Flourishing What to Do to Increase Positive Mood Primacy of Social Support Humor Music Making Blessings Salient Meditation and Yoga Envisioning Positive Future Selves Being Able to Forgive Increasing the Probability of Taking Action Integrating Behavioral Health Into Primary Care Screening Larger Social Change Appendix: Screening Instruments Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test CAGE Questionnaire The Satisfaction With Life Scale The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Index
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