Non-halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook (eBook, PDF)

Redaktion: Morgan, Alexander B.

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

NON-HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANT HANDBOOK The 2nd edition of the definitive single book of information, regulations, and how to use non-halogenated flame retardant technology. This book focuses on non-halogenated flame retardants with an emphasis on practical and applied issues, and builds upon the 1st edition, but is not just a re-do/re-edit of 1st edition content. While non-halogenated flame retardants have not greatly changed since the 1st edition was published in 2014, there have been enough advances and changes to merit a 2nd edition. The book includes chapters on regulation and drivers for non-halogenated flame retardants, specific chapters on each of the major classes of flame retardants, as well as some newer technologies/niche non-halogenated solutions which are either starting to enter the market (coatings / bio-derived flame retardants) or are at least being studied with enough detail to bring to the attention of the reader. As with the 1st edition, the 2nd edition still takes a practical approach to addressing the narrow subject of non-halogenated flame retardancy. It includes more emphasis on flame retardant selection for specific plastics, practical considerations in flame retardant material design, and what the strengths and limits of these various technologies are. Previous flame retardant material science books have covered non-halogenated flame retardants, but they focus more on how they work rather than how to use them. This book focuses more on the practical uses, hence the title of the book "Handbook", which should make it of good use to industrial chemists and material scientists. Audience The primary audience is material scientists, industrial chemists, fire safety engineers who have to meet flame retardant needs to sell products. It will also be useful to academics working to develop new flame retardant solutions.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 608
• Erscheinungstermin: 16. November 2021
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119752219
• Artikelnr.: 62953779

Autorenporträt

Alexander B. Morgan, PhD has over twenty-five years of experience in the areas of materials flammability, polymeric material flame retardancy, fire science, fire testing, thermal decomposition chemistry, and fire safety engineering with an emphasis on chemical structure property relationships and fire safe material design. He has helped academic, government, and industrial customers solve their flame retardant and fire safety needs in a wide range of applications. Dr. Morgan is on the editorial review board for Fire and Materials, and is the Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Fire Science. He is also a member of ASTM, Sigma Xi, International Association of Fire Safety Scientists, and the American Chemical Society.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xiii

1 Regulations and Other Developments/Trends/Initiatives Driving Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Use 1
Alexander B. Morgan

1.1 Regulatory History of Halogenated vs. Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants 1

1.2 Regulations of Fire Safety and Flame Retardant Chemicals 6

1.3 Current Regulations 8

1.3.1 International - United Nations 8

1.3.2 United States (Federal vs. State) 9

1.3.3 Canada 10

1.3.4 European Union 10

1.3.5 Asia 11

1.3.6 China 11

1.3.7 Japan 12

1.3.8 Korea 12

1.3.9 Australia 13

1.4 Fire Safety and Non-Fire Safety Issues Requiring Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants 13

1.5 Regulatory Outlook and Future Market Drivers 16

References 17

2 Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants 23
Sergei Levchik

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Main Classes of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants 25

2.3 Red Phosphorus 26

2.4 Ammonium and Amine Phosphates 29

2.5 Metal Hypophosphites, Phosphites and Dialkyl Phosphinates 36

2.6 Aliphatic Phosphates and Phosphonates 40

2.7 Aromatic Phosphates and Phosphonates 48

2.8 Aromatic Phosphinates 58

2.9 Phosphine Oxides 62

2.10 Phosphazenes 64

2.11 Environmental Fate and Exposure to Organophosphorus FRs 65

2.12 Conclusions and Further Trends 67

References 68

3 Mineral Filler Flame Retardants 101
Reiner Sauerwein

3.1 Introduction 101

3.2 Industrial Importance of Mineral Flame Retardants 102

3.2.1 Market Share of Mineral FRs 103

3.2.2 Synthetic Mineral FRs within the Industrial

Chemical Process Chain 104

3.2.3 Natural Mineral FRs 106

3.3 Overview of Mineral Filler FRs 107

3.3.1 Mineral Filler Flame Retardants by Chemistry 107

3.3.2 Classification by Production Process 109

3.3.2.1 Crushing and Grinding 109

3.3.2.2 Air Classification 110

3.3.2.3 Precipitation and Their Synthetic Processes 110

3.3.2.4 Surface Treatment 113

3.3.3 Physical Characterisation of Mineral FRs 114

3.3.3.1 Particle Shape/Morphology/Aspect Ratio 115

3.3.3.2 Particle Size Distribution 116

3.3.3.3 Sieve Residue 117

3.3.3.4 BET Surface Area 118

3.3.3.5 Oil Absorption 118

3.3.3.6 pH-Value/Specific Conductivity 119

3.3.3.7 Bulk Density and Powder Flowability 120

3.3.3.8 Thermal Stability/Loss on Ignition/Endothermic Heat 122

3.3.4 General Impact of Mineral FRs on Polymer Material Properties 123

3.3.4.1 Optical Properties 123

3.3.4.2 Mechanical Properties 123

3.3.4.3 Water Uptake and Chemical Resistance 124

3.3.4.4 Thermal Properties 126

3.3.4.5 Electrical Properties 127

3.3.4.6 Rheological Properties 128

3.4 Working Principle of Hydrated Mineral Flame Retardants 128

3.4.1 Filler Loading, Flammability and Flame Propagation 130

3.4.2 Smoke Suppression 132

3.4.3 Heat Release 134

3.5 Thermoplastic and Elastomeric Applications 136

3.5.1 Compounding Technology 136

3.5.2 Compound Formulation Principals 138

3.5.3 Wire & Cable 140

3.5.4 Other Construction Products 147

3.5.5 Special Applications 150

3.5.6 Engineering Plastics for E&E Applications 152

3.6 Reactive Resins/Thermoset Applications 154

3.6.1 Production Processes for Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite 156

3.6.1.1 Paste Production 156