Govind A. Dhopeshwarkar

Nutrition and Brain Development (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

The effect of nutrition on the vital process of brain development has received increased attention in the last two decades. Using animal models, experimental research scientists have accumulated a wealth of infor mation and epidemiological studies of field workers have brought the animals and human studies together. Most times, there is an agreement on the results of animal and human experiences, but occasionally a voice of uncertainty is heard when results of animal studies are extrapolated to humans. After all, the human brain is far more complex than that of other species, and comparisons are not always accurate. Behavioral sci entists have attempted to correlate the findings of the biochemists and neurochemists to the "working" of the brain. Severe effects of malnutrition on body growth and function can usually be reversed by corrective procedures. But when such effects include the impact on brain development, the outcome can be devas tating. Underdevelopment of the brain caused by malnutrition during early life may not respond to corrective measures in later life. Undoubt edly this is a very controversial issue and the final verdict has not been reached. Unfortunately, even with today's tremendous technological innovations and applications, there are millions of people, including infants and children, who cannot obtain adequate food and are therefore exposed to damaging effects on the orderly development of the central vii PREFACE viii nervous system. Thus, this is a critical issue to many struggling popu lations who can ill afford such deprivation.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Springer US
• Seitenzahl: 196
• Erscheinungstermin: 6. Dezember 2012
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781468442809
• Artikelnr.: 43995348

Inhaltsangabe

1. Cellular Makeup of the Brain.- 1.1. Neuron.- 1.2. Neuroglia.- 2. Growth Characteristics of the Brain.- 2.1. Physical and Cellular Growth.- 2.2. Biochemical Parameters of Brain Growth.- 2.3. Morphological Changes.- 3. Energy Source.- 3.1. Glucose.- 3.2. Alternate Source of Energy (Ketone Bodies).- 4. Blood-Brain Barrier System.- 4.1. Early Studies.- 4.2. Transport of Lipids from Blood into the Brain.- 4.3. Nonmorphological Nature of the Blood-Brain Barrier System.- 5. Alcohol: Effects on the Central Nervous System.- 5.1. Effects on the Adult.- 5.2. Effects of Alcohol on the Fetus: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.- 6. Effects of Malnutrition on Brain Development.- 6.1. Caloric Insufficiency (Human Studies).- 6.2. Animal Studies.- 6.3. Effect of Protein Deficiency.- 6.4. Effect of Fat Deficiency.- 6.5. Effect of Trans Fatty Acids.- 6.6. Role of Carbohydrates in Brain Development.- 6.7. Hypoglycemia.- 6.8. Hexoses Other Than Glucose.- 6.9. Polysaccharides: Glycogen.- 6.10. Effect of Starvation.- 7. Vitamin Deficiencies and Excesses.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Thiamine Deficiency.- 7.3. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency.- 7.4. Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) Deficiency.- 7.5. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency.- 7.6. Folic Acid Deficiency.- 7.7. Vitamin B12 Deficiency.- 7.8. Biotin.- 7.9. Pantothenic Acid Deficiency.- 7.10. Choline Deficiency.- 7.11. Vitamin A (Retinol, Retinal, and Retinoic Acid).- 7.12. Vitamin E (Tocopherols).- 7.13. Vitamin D.- 8. Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses.- 8.1. Zinc.- 8.2. Copper.- 8.3. Mercury.- 8.4. Lead.- 8.5. Aluminum.- 8.6. Cadmium.- 9. Nutrition and Neurotransmitters.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Signal Transmission.- 9.3. Dopamine.- 9.4. Serotonin.- 9.5. Catabolism of Neurotransmitters: Monoamine Oxidase.- 10. Neuropeptides.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2.Substance P.- 10.3. Enkephalins.- 10.4. Endorphins.- 10.5. Nutritional Significance.- 11. Inborn Errors of Metabolism.- 11.1. Lipodoses.- 11.2. Phenylketonuria.- 11.3. Maple Syrup Urine Disease.- References.