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Oocyte Physiology and Development in Domestic Animals reviews the most recent advances in the research of physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying oocyte growth and development, providing readers with the fundamental understanding of these key processes and summarizing this important field of research. The book covers multiple molecular and physiological mechanisms including initiation of oocyte growth during folliculogenesis and in vitro follicle culture to support oocyte competence, that are critical to health and quality. Physiological process ranging from gene expression to…mehr
Oocyte Physiology and Development in Domestic Animals reviews the most recent advances in the research of physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying oocyte growth and development, providing readers with the fundamental understanding of these key processes and summarizing this important field of research. The book covers multiple molecular and physiological mechanisms including initiation of oocyte growth during folliculogenesis and in vitro follicle culture to support oocyte competence, that are critical to health and quality. Physiological process ranging from gene expression to metabolism will be covered with an eye toward using these factors to uncover biomarkers that will further advance the field. In addition, the text looks at the effects of in vitro maturation environments on oocyte quality and developmental outcome.
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Autorenporträt
Rebecca L. Krisher is Research Director at the National Foundation of Fertility Research.
Inhaltsangabe
Contributors xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1 Oocyte Development before and during Folliculogenesis 1 Melissa Pepling 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Germ Cell Cyst and Ovigerous Cord Formation 1 1.3 Meiotic Entry and Progression 4 1.4 Follicle Formation 6 1.5 Follicle Development 9 1.6 Steroid Hormone Signaling in Oocyte Development 13 1.7 Summary 14 References 14 Chapter 2 The In Vitro Culture of Ovarian Follicles: A Brief History and Current Considerations 21 Bahar Uslu and Joshua Johnson 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 A Brief Historical Review of In Vitro Follicle Culture 23 2.3 State-of-the-Art In Vitro Follicle Culture 24 2.4 The Future of Ovarian Follicle Culture 28 Acknowledgments 29 References 29 Chapter 3 Regulation of Oocyte Meiotic Resumption by Somatic Cells 35 Masayuki Shimada 3.1 Meiotic Resumption Is Negatively Regulated in a cAMP-Dependent Manner 35 3.2 The Regulation of cAMP Level in Mouse Oocytes 37 3.3 The Expression and Roles of PDEs in both Cumulus Cells and Oocytes in Domestic Animals 38 3.4 Closure of Gap Junctional Communication 39 3.5 How to Activate the ERK1/2 Pathway in Cumulus Cells of COC 43 3.6 ERK1/2 in Cumulus Cells Is Required for Meiotic Resumption 45 3.7 Dynamic Changes of Kinase Activities within Oocytes 47 3.8 Conclusion 49 References 49 Chapter 4 Oocyte-Secreted Factors in Domestic Animals 55 Jeremy G. Thompson, David G. Mottershead, and Robert B. Gilchrist 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Historical Background 56 4.3 Localization and Specificity 57 4.4 Structure and Genetic Diversity of Gdf9 and Bmp15 58 4.5 Signalling Mechanisms of Gdf9 and Bmp15 60 4.6 Roles of Oocyte-Secreted Factors 61 4.7 Manipulation and Use in Reproductive Technologies 64 4.8 Concluding Remarks 65 References 66 Chapter 5 MicroRNAs in Oocyte Physiology and Development 71 Dawit Tesfaye, Md M. Hossain, and Karl Schellander 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Biogenesis of miRNA 71 5.3 Recognition and Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Target mRNA by miRNA 73 5.4 miRNA in Germ Cell Differentiation and Oogenesis 74 5.5 Expression and Regulation of miRNA in Oocyte Development 75 5.6 miRNAs in Oocyte Maturation and Competence 77 5.7 miRNAs as Temporal Regulatory Cascades of Maternal mRNA Translation 78 5.8 miRNAs in Oocyte Development in Relation to Endocrine Control 79 5.9 miRNA Regulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Oocyte 79 5.10 Strategic Approaches and Challenges to Study the Role of miRNAs in Oocytes 80 5.11 Concluding Remarks 81 References 81 Chapter 6 Bovine Oocyte Gene Expression: Identification of Functional Regulators of Early Embryogenesis 85 Swamy K. Tripurani, Jianbo Yao, and George W. Smith 6.1 Introduction 85 6.2 Potential Contribution of Oocyte-Specific Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulators to Bovine Oocyte Competence: Available Evidence and Gaps in Knowledge 87 6.3 Maternal Oocyte-Derived Factors Required Specifically for Early Embryogenesis 94 6.4 Functional Genomics Studies of Bovine Oocyte Competence and Early Embryogenesis: Identification of Novel Mediators 99 6.5 Conclusions 104 References 105 Chapter 7 Epigenetic Modifications during Mammalian Oocyte Growth and Meiotic Progression 111 Claudia Baumann, Maria M. Viveiros, and Rabindranath De La Fuente 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Establishment of Epigenetic Modifications during Postnatal Oocyte Growth 112 7.3 Establishment and Maintenance of DNA Methylation during Oocyte Growth 114 7.4 Large-Scale Chromatin Remodeling during Meiotic Division 117 7.5 Environmental Effects Adversely Influencing the Female Gamete 127 7.6 Chromosome-microtubule Interactions in the Mammalian Oocyte 130 7.7 Conclusion 133 References 134 Chapter 8 Oocyte Calcium Homeostasis 145 Zoltan Machaty 8.1 Significance of Ca2+ 145 8.2 Signaling by Ca2+ 146 8.3 Ca2+ Signaling in Oocytes 150 8.4 Summary 159 References 159 Chapter 9 Oocyte Metabolism and Its Relationship to Developmental Competence 165 Rebecca L. Krisher and Jason R. Herrick 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Energy Substrates, In Vivo and In Vitro 167 9.3 Limitations of Oocyte Metabolism Assessment 169 9.4 Mitochondrial Function in the Oocyte 170 9.5 Cattle Oocyte Metabolism 171 9.6 Pig Oocyte Metabolism 173 9.7 Mouse Oocyte Metabolism 173 9.8 Oocyte Metabolism in Other Species 174 9.9 Oocyte Metabolism of Fatty Acids 174 9.10 Oocyte Metabolism Controls Meiosis: A View across Species 176 9.11 Oocyte Metabolism and Redox Balance 178 9.12 The Relationship between Oocyte Metabolism and Oocyte Quality 179 9.13 Maternal Diet and Disease Can Alter Oocyte Metabolism 180 9.14 Oocytes and the Warburg Effect 181 9.15 Conclusions 181 References 182 Chapter 10 Screening for Oocyte Competence 191 Marc-Andre Sirard and Mourad Assidi 10.1 Introduction 191 10.2 Concept of Oocyte Competence 191 10.3 Influence of Follicular Parameters on Oocyte Competence 194 10.4 Morphological Changes of the COC Associated with Competence 196 10.5 Biochemical Changes within the COC Associated with Competence 196 10.6 The Use of Coasting to Induce Competence in Large Mammals 197 10.7 The Use of Genomic/Gene Expression in Follicular Cells to Assess Oocyte Competence 198 10.8 The Use of Genomic/Gene Expression in Cumulus Cells to Assess Oocyte Competence 199 10.9 Signaling Pathways Involved in Competence Stimulation 201 10.10 Conclusion 201 References 202 Chapter 11 In Vitro Maturation Environment Affects Developmental Outcome 207 Pat Lonergan 11.1 Introduction 207 11.2 Oocyte Maturation in Vivo 208 11.3 In Vitro Embryo Production 209 11.4 Improving Oocyte Competence before Removal from the Follicle 211 11.5 Improving Oocyte Competence after Removal from the Follicle 212 11.6 Effect of Oocyte Environment on Embryo Gene Expression 213 11.7 Use of IVM in Practice in Cattle 214 11.8 Long-Term Consequences of in Vitro Maturation 215 11.9 Concluding Comments 216 References 216 Abbreviations 219 Index 225
Contributors xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1 Oocyte Development before and during Folliculogenesis 1 Melissa Pepling 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Germ Cell Cyst and Ovigerous Cord Formation 1 1.3 Meiotic Entry and Progression 4 1.4 Follicle Formation 6 1.5 Follicle Development 9 1.6 Steroid Hormone Signaling in Oocyte Development 13 1.7 Summary 14 References 14 Chapter 2 The In Vitro Culture of Ovarian Follicles: A Brief History and Current Considerations 21 Bahar Uslu and Joshua Johnson 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 A Brief Historical Review of In Vitro Follicle Culture 23 2.3 State-of-the-Art In Vitro Follicle Culture 24 2.4 The Future of Ovarian Follicle Culture 28 Acknowledgments 29 References 29 Chapter 3 Regulation of Oocyte Meiotic Resumption by Somatic Cells 35 Masayuki Shimada 3.1 Meiotic Resumption Is Negatively Regulated in a cAMP-Dependent Manner 35 3.2 The Regulation of cAMP Level in Mouse Oocytes 37 3.3 The Expression and Roles of PDEs in both Cumulus Cells and Oocytes in Domestic Animals 38 3.4 Closure of Gap Junctional Communication 39 3.5 How to Activate the ERK1/2 Pathway in Cumulus Cells of COC 43 3.6 ERK1/2 in Cumulus Cells Is Required for Meiotic Resumption 45 3.7 Dynamic Changes of Kinase Activities within Oocytes 47 3.8 Conclusion 49 References 49 Chapter 4 Oocyte-Secreted Factors in Domestic Animals 55 Jeremy G. Thompson, David G. Mottershead, and Robert B. Gilchrist 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Historical Background 56 4.3 Localization and Specificity 57 4.4 Structure and Genetic Diversity of Gdf9 and Bmp15 58 4.5 Signalling Mechanisms of Gdf9 and Bmp15 60 4.6 Roles of Oocyte-Secreted Factors 61 4.7 Manipulation and Use in Reproductive Technologies 64 4.8 Concluding Remarks 65 References 66 Chapter 5 MicroRNAs in Oocyte Physiology and Development 71 Dawit Tesfaye, Md M. Hossain, and Karl Schellander 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Biogenesis of miRNA 71 5.3 Recognition and Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Target mRNA by miRNA 73 5.4 miRNA in Germ Cell Differentiation and Oogenesis 74 5.5 Expression and Regulation of miRNA in Oocyte Development 75 5.6 miRNAs in Oocyte Maturation and Competence 77 5.7 miRNAs as Temporal Regulatory Cascades of Maternal mRNA Translation 78 5.8 miRNAs in Oocyte Development in Relation to Endocrine Control 79 5.9 miRNA Regulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Oocyte 79 5.10 Strategic Approaches and Challenges to Study the Role of miRNAs in Oocytes 80 5.11 Concluding Remarks 81 References 81 Chapter 6 Bovine Oocyte Gene Expression: Identification of Functional Regulators of Early Embryogenesis 85 Swamy K. Tripurani, Jianbo Yao, and George W. Smith 6.1 Introduction 85 6.2 Potential Contribution of Oocyte-Specific Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulators to Bovine Oocyte Competence: Available Evidence and Gaps in Knowledge 87 6.3 Maternal Oocyte-Derived Factors Required Specifically for Early Embryogenesis 94 6.4 Functional Genomics Studies of Bovine Oocyte Competence and Early Embryogenesis: Identification of Novel Mediators 99 6.5 Conclusions 104 References 105 Chapter 7 Epigenetic Modifications during Mammalian Oocyte Growth and Meiotic Progression 111 Claudia Baumann, Maria M. Viveiros, and Rabindranath De La Fuente 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Establishment of Epigenetic Modifications during Postnatal Oocyte Growth 112 7.3 Establishment and Maintenance of DNA Methylation during Oocyte Growth 114 7.4 Large-Scale Chromatin Remodeling during Meiotic Division 117 7.5 Environmental Effects Adversely Influencing the Female Gamete 127 7.6 Chromosome-microtubule Interactions in the Mammalian Oocyte 130 7.7 Conclusion 133 References 134 Chapter 8 Oocyte Calcium Homeostasis 145 Zoltan Machaty 8.1 Significance of Ca2+ 145 8.2 Signaling by Ca2+ 146 8.3 Ca2+ Signaling in Oocytes 150 8.4 Summary 159 References 159 Chapter 9 Oocyte Metabolism and Its Relationship to Developmental Competence 165 Rebecca L. Krisher and Jason R. Herrick 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Energy Substrates, In Vivo and In Vitro 167 9.3 Limitations of Oocyte Metabolism Assessment 169 9.4 Mitochondrial Function in the Oocyte 170 9.5 Cattle Oocyte Metabolism 171 9.6 Pig Oocyte Metabolism 173 9.7 Mouse Oocyte Metabolism 173 9.8 Oocyte Metabolism in Other Species 174 9.9 Oocyte Metabolism of Fatty Acids 174 9.10 Oocyte Metabolism Controls Meiosis: A View across Species 176 9.11 Oocyte Metabolism and Redox Balance 178 9.12 The Relationship between Oocyte Metabolism and Oocyte Quality 179 9.13 Maternal Diet and Disease Can Alter Oocyte Metabolism 180 9.14 Oocytes and the Warburg Effect 181 9.15 Conclusions 181 References 182 Chapter 10 Screening for Oocyte Competence 191 Marc-Andre Sirard and Mourad Assidi 10.1 Introduction 191 10.2 Concept of Oocyte Competence 191 10.3 Influence of Follicular Parameters on Oocyte Competence 194 10.4 Morphological Changes of the COC Associated with Competence 196 10.5 Biochemical Changes within the COC Associated with Competence 196 10.6 The Use of Coasting to Induce Competence in Large Mammals 197 10.7 The Use of Genomic/Gene Expression in Follicular Cells to Assess Oocyte Competence 198 10.8 The Use of Genomic/Gene Expression in Cumulus Cells to Assess Oocyte Competence 199 10.9 Signaling Pathways Involved in Competence Stimulation 201 10.10 Conclusion 201 References 202 Chapter 11 In Vitro Maturation Environment Affects Developmental Outcome 207 Pat Lonergan 11.1 Introduction 207 11.2 Oocyte Maturation in Vivo 208 11.3 In Vitro Embryo Production 209 11.4 Improving Oocyte Competence before Removal from the Follicle 211 11.5 Improving Oocyte Competence after Removal from the Follicle 212 11.6 Effect of Oocyte Environment on Embryo Gene Expression 213 11.7 Use of IVM in Practice in Cattle 214 11.8 Long-Term Consequences of in Vitro Maturation 215 11.9 Concluding Comments 216 References 216 Abbreviations 219 Index 225
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