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Polycystine radiolaria are exclusively marine protists and are found in all ocean waters, from polar regions to the tropics, and at all water depths. There are approximately 600 distinct described living species and several thousand fossil species of polycystines. Radiolarians in general, and polycystines in particular, have recently been shown to be a major component of the living plankton and important to the oceanic carbon cycle. As fossils radiolarians are also fairly common, and often occur in sediments where other types of fossils are absent. This has made them very valuable for certain…mehr
Polycystine radiolaria are exclusively marine protists and are found in all ocean waters, from polar regions to the tropics, and at all water depths. There are approximately 600 distinct described living species and several thousand fossil species of polycystines. Radiolarians in general, and polycystines in particular, have recently been shown to be a major component of the living plankton and important to the oceanic carbon cycle. As fossils radiolarians are also fairly common, and often occur in sediments where other types of fossils are absent. This has made them very valuable for certain types of geologic research, particularly estimating the geologic age of the sediments containing them, and as guides to past oceanic water conditions. As our current understanding of the biology, and even taxonomy of the living fauna is still very incomplete, evolutionary studies based on living polycystines are still rare. However, the common occurrence of numerous specimens for many species, and in a wide variety of oceanic environments, provides an excellent opportunity to study the processes of biologic evolution in the fossil record. Paleobiology of the Polycystine Radiolaria is the first major book on radiolarians to appear in the western literature since 2001.Focusing on living and fossil siliceous shelled radiolarians, it is notable for its emphasis not upon morphologic or taxonomic detail but on concepts and applications. The book attempts to provide a balanced, critical review of what is known of the biology, ecology, and fossil record of the group, as well as their use in evolutionary, biostratigraphic and paleoceanographic research. Full chapters on the history of study, and molecular biology, are the first ever in book form. Written for an audience of advanced undergraduate to doctoral students, as well as for a broad range of professionals in the biological and Earth sciences, Paleobiology of the Polycystine Radiolaria summarizes current understanding of the marine planktonic protist group polycystine radiolaria, both in living and fossil form.
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About the Editors David Lazarus has studied the paleobiology and earth science applications of Cenozoic radiolaria for more than 40 years, formerly holding research positions at Columbia University/Lamont Earth Observatory, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. He is currently Curator for Micropaleontology at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Noritoshi Suzuki has studied the taxonomy and species diversity of radiolarians thoughout the Phanerozoic. He started his career in field geology, switched to Devonian radiolarians for his Masters degree, and received his PhD degree for a study of Cenozoic radiolarians from Tohoku University, Japan. He has co-published a monograph on the radiolarians of the Ehrenberg Collection (Berlin), and has published integrative studies of radiolarian morphology and phylogenetics. He is currently Associate Professor at Tohoku University. Yoshiyuki Ishitani is a paleobiologist, focusing on the evolution of radiolarians. He is currently a researcher at the University of Tsukuba, and was formerly at Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Glasgow University, and the University of Tokyo. Kozo Takahashi has studied the distribution and ecology of radiolarians and other siliceous plankton collected from ocean waters for several decades. Following an early career of staff scientist positions at the Woods Hole and Scripps oceanographic institutions he held multiple professorships in Japan, including universities in Sapporo and Kyushu University in Fukuoka.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
Chapter 1 History 1
Introduction 1
Scientific Context 4
Early Studies (First Half of the Nineteenth Century) 8
C.G. Ehrenberg and J. Müller 8
Second Half of the Nineteenth Century to ca. 1920 13
E. Haeckel and his Disciples 13
Legacy of Early Studies 16
Early Twentieth Century (ca. 1920-1940) 17
The Early New Period (ca. 1940-1970) 20
The Origins of Radiolarian Biostratigraphy: 1940s to 1950s 20
Deep-Sea Drilling 21
Taxonomy 25
Biology 27
Mid New Period (1970-2000) 28
Current Period (2000-Present) 37
Chapter 2 Biology 41
General Characteristics of Planktonic Protist Biology 41
Physical Characteristics of the Pelagic Ocean 42
Plankton Taxa 46
Ecologic and Behavioral Constraints due to Small Body Size 46
Basic Radiolarian Cellular Structure 48
Skeleton 53
Skeleton Formation and Growth 55
Size 59
Colonial Forms 59
Life Cycle 60
Longevity 62
Motility 63
Feeding 63
Predators 65
Abundance and Role in Carbon Cycle 66
Symbiosis 67
Bioluminescence 68
Summary 69
Chapter 3 Ecology 71
Introduction 71
Biogeography 75
Vertical Distribution 83
Tropical Submergence 86
Longitudinal Gradients and Upwelling Assemblages 89
Latitudinal Gradients 90
Coastal Gradients 90
Seasonal Variability 91
Interannual Variability 93
Chapter 4 Genetics 95
Introduction 95
Molecular Phylogenetic Position of "Radiolarians" within Eukaryotes 96
Molecular Studies of Radiolarian's Position within Eukaryotes 97
Relationships of Radiolarian Clades 98
Origination Times of Radiolarian Clades 102
Family-Level Phylogeny 102
Spumellaria (Shell-Bearing Radiolarians) 105
Collodaria (Colonial or Naked Radiolarians) 105
Nassellaria 106
Acantharia 107
Microevolution of Radiolaria 107
Diversity of Pico-Radiolarian Material 111
Transcriptomics of Radiolaria 112
Methodology 113
DNA Extraction 114
Reproductive Cell Method 114
Dissecting Cell Method 114
PCR 114
Summary 114
Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Fossil Record 117
Introduction 117
PART 1 - Radiolarian Taxonomy 118
Principles of Species-Level Taxonomy 118
Rules for Describing and Naming Species 121
Current Status of Descriptive Radiolarian Taxonomy 124
Principles of Higher-Level Taxonomy 129
Haeckel and the Beginnings of Higher-Level Radiolarian Taxonomy 129
Biologic Systematics 132
Higher-Level Taxonomy in Radiolaria 134
The Observational Basis of Taxonomy: Structures of the Radiolarian Shell 136
Higher-Level Taxonomy in this Book 139
Formal Classification of Polycystina 143
Cenozoic Taxa 143
Order Spumellaria Ehrenberg 1876 143
Family Actinommidae Haeckel 1862 145
Family Heliodiscidae Haeckel 1881 149
Family Coccodiscidae Haeckel 1862, emend. Sanfilippo and Riedel 1980 151
Early Studies (First Half of the Nineteenth Century) 8
C.G. Ehrenberg and J. Müller 8
Second Half of the Nineteenth Century to ca. 1920 13
E. Haeckel and his Disciples 13
Legacy of Early Studies 16
Early Twentieth Century (ca. 1920-1940) 17
The Early New Period (ca. 1940-1970) 20
The Origins of Radiolarian Biostratigraphy: 1940s to 1950s 20
Deep-Sea Drilling 21
Taxonomy 25
Biology 27
Mid New Period (1970-2000) 28
Current Period (2000-Present) 37
Chapter 2 Biology 41
General Characteristics of Planktonic Protist Biology 41
Physical Characteristics of the Pelagic Ocean 42
Plankton Taxa 46
Ecologic and Behavioral Constraints due to Small Body Size 46
Basic Radiolarian Cellular Structure 48
Skeleton 53
Skeleton Formation and Growth 55
Size 59
Colonial Forms 59
Life Cycle 60
Longevity 62
Motility 63
Feeding 63
Predators 65
Abundance and Role in Carbon Cycle 66
Symbiosis 67
Bioluminescence 68
Summary 69
Chapter 3 Ecology 71
Introduction 71
Biogeography 75
Vertical Distribution 83
Tropical Submergence 86
Longitudinal Gradients and Upwelling Assemblages 89
Latitudinal Gradients 90
Coastal Gradients 90
Seasonal Variability 91
Interannual Variability 93
Chapter 4 Genetics 95
Introduction 95
Molecular Phylogenetic Position of "Radiolarians" within Eukaryotes 96
Molecular Studies of Radiolarian's Position within Eukaryotes 97
Relationships of Radiolarian Clades 98
Origination Times of Radiolarian Clades 102
Family-Level Phylogeny 102
Spumellaria (Shell-Bearing Radiolarians) 105
Collodaria (Colonial or Naked Radiolarians) 105
Nassellaria 106
Acantharia 107
Microevolution of Radiolaria 107
Diversity of Pico-Radiolarian Material 111
Transcriptomics of Radiolaria 112
Methodology 113
DNA Extraction 114
Reproductive Cell Method 114
Dissecting Cell Method 114
PCR 114
Summary 114
Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Fossil Record 117
Introduction 117
PART 1 - Radiolarian Taxonomy 118
Principles of Species-Level Taxonomy 118
Rules for Describing and Naming Species 121
Current Status of Descriptive Radiolarian Taxonomy 124
Principles of Higher-Level Taxonomy 129
Haeckel and the Beginnings of Higher-Level Radiolarian Taxonomy 129
Biologic Systematics 132
Higher-Level Taxonomy in Radiolaria 134
The Observational Basis of Taxonomy: Structures of the Radiolarian Shell 136
Higher-Level Taxonomy in this Book 139
Formal Classification of Polycystina 143
Cenozoic Taxa 143
Order Spumellaria Ehrenberg 1876 143
Family Actinommidae Haeckel 1862 145
Family Heliodiscidae Haeckel 1881 149
Family Coccodiscidae Haeckel 1862, emend. Sanfilippo and Riedel 1980 151
Family Pyloniidae Haeckel 1881 153
Family Lithelidae Haeckel 1862 155
Family Tholonidae Haeckel 1887 156
Family Spongodiscidae Haeckel 1862 156
Order Nassellaria Ehrenberg 1876 160
Family
Rezensionen
"Paleobiology of the Polycystine Radiolaria is well worth the purchase price and should be in the personal library of all protistologists working on marine forms." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
"A welcome addition to the literature in a field that is rich in potential for interdisciplinary research." Journal of Plankton Research
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