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This is a rapidly expanding and highly topical research area. Written by authors and editors who are well known and respected in their fields, this text looks at the health effects caused by particulate aerosols, and discusses recent legislation and future strategies
This is a rapidly expanding and highly topical research area. Written by authors and editors who are well known and respected in their fields, this text looks at the health effects caused by particulate aerosols, and discusses recent legislation and future strategies
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Autorenporträt
Department of Health, Skipton House, 80 London Road, London SE1 6LW, UK. Fetal and Infant Toxico-Pathology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
Inhaltsangabe
Abbreviations Contributors Foreword 1. Introduction /Robert L. Maynard Physicochemical properties of particulates 2. Airborne particles and their effects on health /Anthony Seaton The lung and its defences Biological particles Mineral particles The pneumoconioses Lung cancer Ambient air pollution The lessons Further reading 3. Microscopy and the characterization of particles /Frederick D. Pooley and Milagros Galvez de Mille Introduction Sampling particulate aerosols for analysis Optical microscopic techniques Electron optical techniques Bulk analytical techniques Characteristics of particulate aerosols Aqueous soluble aerosols Organic soluble aerosol material Elemental carbonaceous material Insoluble inorganic aerosols Conclusions References 4. The physicochemical characterization of urban airborne particulate matter /Kelly A BeruBe, Timothy P. Jones, Ben J. Williamson, Roy J. Richards Introduction Trends in urban emissions Diesel exhaust particulates Carbon black particulates Physical characterization of airborne particulates Microscopy based techniques Collection and preparation of DEP and CB Transmission electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy Quantitative image analysis Chemical characterization of airborne particulates Analytical based techniques Particle preparation for elemental analysis Electron probe X ray microanalysis Inductively coupled plasma mass and atomic emission spectrometry Conclusions References 5. The structural and physical chemistry of nanoparticles /D.A Jefferson and E.E.M. Tilley Introduction The role of surface atoms The effect of surface reactivity Structures of metal nanoparticles Surface facetting Non close packed nanoparticles The role of kinetics Metal oxide nanoparticles Bulk terminated nanoparticles Ti02 Nanoparticles with anion vacancies Ce02 Spinel oxides and cation vacancies Fe304 Surface metallization of y Al203 New structure types in W03 Conclusions References Biological and health effects 6. Lung deposition of diesel particulates /John McAughey Introduction Health effects Size distribution of ambient particles Source apportionment of ambient particles Particle number vs. particle mass distribution Vehicle emissions by particle size Lung dose of diesel particulate Basis of human lung deposition models Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract Mechanisms of particle deposition Efficiency of diesel particle deposition assumptions for calculations Dose calculations Daily mass deposition Daily particle deposition (by number) Retention Conclusions References 7. The biological effects on lung epithelium of well characterized fine particles /Roy J. Richards, Kelly A. BeruBe, Lisa Masek, Debbie Symons, Samantha A. Murphy Introduction Alveolar structure and cell response to toxicants Functions of alveolar cells Sequential cellular changes following alveolar damage Quantitative assessment of pulmonary damage Comparative bioreactivity of different particles Particle characterization Particle dose and administration Quantitative assessment of particle bioreactivity Subjective assessment of particle reactivity Distribution and fate of diesel exhaust particles Summary and comment References 8. The toxicology of ultrafine particles /Ken Donaldson, Vicki Stone, William MacNee The lung and particle defence Ultrafine particles Ultrafines and PM10 Adverse health effects of particles Toxicology of ultrafine particles Deposition Human studies Animal studies Inhalation studies with ultrafine particles at overload Non overload studies Instillation studies In vitro studies on ultrafine particles The cellular /molecular mechanism of ultrafine particle toxicity Hygiene consequences of increased toxicity of ultrafine materials Conclusions on the toxicology of ultrafine particles References Monitoring and abatement 9. Sources and behaviour of atmospheric particulate matter /Roy M. Harrison Introduction Source apportionment of airborne particles Primary particulate matter Secondary particulate matter Receptor modelling of airborne particles The future References 10. UK research programme on the characterization of vehicle particulate emissions /Michael J. Davies Introduction Road vehicle exhaust particulates Initial vehicle /engine testing Test methodology Evaluation of test methods Initial results from vehicle /engine testing Sizing instrument investigation Scanning mobility particle sizer Quartz crystal microbalance Electrical low pressure impactor Tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) Anderson impactor (Mark III) Particulate dilution tunnel evaluation Particulate traps Conclusions Reference Future policy considerations 11. Air quality strategies with respect to particles /Martin Williams Introduction Air quality policy and health effects Mechanisms of effects of particles on health Measurement methods for particles Source apportionment The current policy position References Glossary Index.
Abbreviations Contributors Foreword 1. Introduction /Robert L. Maynard Physicochemical properties of particulates 2. Airborne particles and their effects on health /Anthony Seaton The lung and its defences Biological particles Mineral particles The pneumoconioses Lung cancer Ambient air pollution The lessons Further reading 3. Microscopy and the characterization of particles /Frederick D. Pooley and Milagros Galvez de Mille Introduction Sampling particulate aerosols for analysis Optical microscopic techniques Electron optical techniques Bulk analytical techniques Characteristics of particulate aerosols Aqueous soluble aerosols Organic soluble aerosol material Elemental carbonaceous material Insoluble inorganic aerosols Conclusions References 4. The physicochemical characterization of urban airborne particulate matter /Kelly A BeruBe, Timothy P. Jones, Ben J. Williamson, Roy J. Richards Introduction Trends in urban emissions Diesel exhaust particulates Carbon black particulates Physical characterization of airborne particulates Microscopy based techniques Collection and preparation of DEP and CB Transmission electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy Quantitative image analysis Chemical characterization of airborne particulates Analytical based techniques Particle preparation for elemental analysis Electron probe X ray microanalysis Inductively coupled plasma mass and atomic emission spectrometry Conclusions References 5. The structural and physical chemistry of nanoparticles /D.A Jefferson and E.E.M. Tilley Introduction The role of surface atoms The effect of surface reactivity Structures of metal nanoparticles Surface facetting Non close packed nanoparticles The role of kinetics Metal oxide nanoparticles Bulk terminated nanoparticles Ti02 Nanoparticles with anion vacancies Ce02 Spinel oxides and cation vacancies Fe304 Surface metallization of y Al203 New structure types in W03 Conclusions References Biological and health effects 6. Lung deposition of diesel particulates /John McAughey Introduction Health effects Size distribution of ambient particles Source apportionment of ambient particles Particle number vs. particle mass distribution Vehicle emissions by particle size Lung dose of diesel particulate Basis of human lung deposition models Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract Mechanisms of particle deposition Efficiency of diesel particle deposition assumptions for calculations Dose calculations Daily mass deposition Daily particle deposition (by number) Retention Conclusions References 7. The biological effects on lung epithelium of well characterized fine particles /Roy J. Richards, Kelly A. BeruBe, Lisa Masek, Debbie Symons, Samantha A. Murphy Introduction Alveolar structure and cell response to toxicants Functions of alveolar cells Sequential cellular changes following alveolar damage Quantitative assessment of pulmonary damage Comparative bioreactivity of different particles Particle characterization Particle dose and administration Quantitative assessment of particle bioreactivity Subjective assessment of particle reactivity Distribution and fate of diesel exhaust particles Summary and comment References 8. The toxicology of ultrafine particles /Ken Donaldson, Vicki Stone, William MacNee The lung and particle defence Ultrafine particles Ultrafines and PM10 Adverse health effects of particles Toxicology of ultrafine particles Deposition Human studies Animal studies Inhalation studies with ultrafine particles at overload Non overload studies Instillation studies In vitro studies on ultrafine particles The cellular /molecular mechanism of ultrafine particle toxicity Hygiene consequences of increased toxicity of ultrafine materials Conclusions on the toxicology of ultrafine particles References Monitoring and abatement 9. Sources and behaviour of atmospheric particulate matter /Roy M. Harrison Introduction Source apportionment of airborne particles Primary particulate matter Secondary particulate matter Receptor modelling of airborne particles The future References 10. UK research programme on the characterization of vehicle particulate emissions /Michael J. Davies Introduction Road vehicle exhaust particulates Initial vehicle /engine testing Test methodology Evaluation of test methods Initial results from vehicle /engine testing Sizing instrument investigation Scanning mobility particle sizer Quartz crystal microbalance Electrical low pressure impactor Tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) Anderson impactor (Mark III) Particulate dilution tunnel evaluation Particulate traps Conclusions Reference Future policy considerations 11. Air quality strategies with respect to particles /Martin Williams Introduction Air quality policy and health effects Mechanisms of effects of particles on health Measurement methods for particles Source apportionment The current policy position References Glossary Index.
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