Photoconductivity and Photoconductive Materials (eBook, PDF)

Fundamentals, Techniques and Applications
Redaktion: Kasap, Safa O.

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Explore an authoritative resource with coverage of foundational concepts of photoconductivity and photoconductive materials In Photoconductivity and Photoconductive Materials, Professor Kasap delivers a definitive guide to the basic principles of photoconductivity and a selection of present topical photoconductive materials. Divided into two parts, the set begins with basic concepts and definitions and coverage of characterization using steady state, transient and modulated photoconductivity techniques, including the novel charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV) method The physics of terahertz photoconductivity and fundamentals of organic semiconductors lsois are also covered. Part Two of the set starts with a comprehensive review of a wide range of photoconductive materials and then focuses on some of the most important photoconductors, including hydrogenated amorphous silicon, cadmium mercury telluride, various x-ray photoconductors, diamond films, metal halide perovskites, nanowires and quantum dots. Photoconductive antenna application is also included. Filled with contributions from leading authors in the field, this book also offers: * A thorough introduction to the characterization of semiconductors from photoconductivity techniques, including uniform illumination and photocarrier grating techniques * Comprehensive explorations of organic photoconductors, including photogeneration, transport, and applications in printing * Practical discussions of time-of-flight transient photoconductivity, including experimental techniques and interpretation * In-depth examinations of transient photoconductivity of organic semiconducting films and novel transient photoconductivity techniques Perfect for research physicists, materials scientists, and electrical engineers, Photoconductivity and Photoconductive Materials is also an indispensable resource for postgraduate and senior undergraduate students working in the area of optoelectronic materials, as well as researchers working in industry.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: For Dummies
• Seitenzahl: 912
• Erscheinungstermin: 28. Juni 2022
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119579168
• Artikelnr.: 64262422

Autorenporträt

Safa Kasap, PhD, DSc, is a Distinguished Professor in Electronic and Optoelectronic Materials and Devices at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada. He has over 35 years' experience in optoelectronic materials and is Editor-in-Chief for Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

Inhaltsangabe

Volume 1

Preface xiii

Series Preface xvi

List of Contributors xvii

1 Photoconductivity: Fundamental Concepts 1
Safa O. Kasap

Abbreviations 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Major Photoconductivity Classifications 10

1.3 Dark Current and Electrical Contacts 13

1.3.1 Injecting Contacts 13

1.3.2 Noninjecting Contacts 18

1.4 Shockley-Ramo Theorem 24

1.5 Major Recombination Mechanism 27

1.5.1 Direct Recombination 27

1.5.2 Indirect Recombination in Semiconductors: Shockley-Read-Hall Model 30

1.5.2.1 Weak Photogeneration 33

1.5.2.2 Strong Photogeneration 36

1.5.3 Impact or Auger Recombination 37

1.6 Quasi-Fermi Levels and Distribution of Recombination Centers in Energy 39

1.6.1 Quasi-Fermi Levels for Free Carriers 39

1.6.2 Quasi-Fermi Levels (QFLs) for Trapped Carriers in the Presence of Localized States 40

1.6.3 Demarcation Energy and Dead Carriers 46

1.7 Elementary Photoconductor with Ohmic Contacts and Absorption Transverse to Applied Field 47

1.7.1 Elementary Photoconductivity Without Diffusion 47

1.7.2 Elementary Photoconductivity with Diffusion 51

1.8 Elementary Photoconductor with Noninjecting Contacts and Optical Absorption Along the Field 53

1.9 Absorbed Light Intensity with Rear Reflection 56

1.10 Photoconductive Gain 58

1.11 Effects of Traps on Photoconductivity 60

1.12 Sinusoidally Modulated Photoexcitation: Frequency-Resolved Photoconductivity 62

1.13 Noise in Photoconductors 69

Ackowledgments 78

References 78

2 Characterization of Semiconductors from Photoconductivity Techniques: Uniform and Monochromatic Illumination 89
Christophe Longeaud, Javier Schmidt, and Jean-Paul Kleider

2.1 Introduction 89

2.2 Steady-State Photoconductivity (SSPC) 92

2.2.1 Basic Equations 93

2.2.2 DOS Determination 96

2.2.3 Illustration by Means of Simulations 97

2.3 Modulated Photocurrent (MPC) 100

2.3.1 High-Frequency Regime (HF-MPC) 104

2.3.2 Low-Frequency Regime (LF-MPC) 106

2.3.3 Summary of the Two MPC Regimes 107

2.3.4 Illustration by Means of Simulations 108

2.3.5 Experimental Results 114

2.3.5.1 Application to a Crystalline Material 114

2.3.5.2 Application to Amorphous Thin Films 116

2.4 Conclusion 119

Symbols and Abbreviations 120

Acknowledgments 122

References 122

3 Characterization of Semiconductors from Photoconductivity Techniques: Uniform and Polychromatic Illumination 125
Christophe Longeaud, Javier Schmidt, and Jean-Paul Kleider

3.1 Introduction 125

3.2 The Constant Photocurrent Method (CPM) 126

3.2.1 CPM Principle 126

3.2.2 Absolute CPM 130

3.2.3 Determination of the DOS from a CPM Spectrum 131

3.2.3.1 Deconvolution of a CPM Spectrum 131

3.2.3.2 Calculation of the Excess Absorption 132

3.2.3.3 Absorption at a Single Energy 132

3.2.4 Limits of the CPM 133

3.2.5 AC CPM vs. DC CPM 133

3.3 The Fourier-Transform Photocurrent Spectroscopy (FTPS) 134

3.3.1 FTPS Bases 134

3.3.2 FTPS Bench 137

3.3.3 Experimental Results 138

3.3.3.1 Comparison of Calibrations with Transmitted or Direct Flux 138

3.3.3.2 Comparison of FTPS Performed on Thin Films and Solar Cells 140

3.3.3.3 Application of FTPS to the Study of Perovskite Thin Films 143

3.4 Conclusion 147
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