George C. King

Physics of Matter (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

First year core course introductory textbook on the nature of matter that puts the physics before mathematical description Physics of Matter is an introductory textbook on the nature of matter, based on a description of gases, liquids, liquid crystals, and solids in terms of the forces that bind atoms together and the thermal motion of the atoms, that discusses the relationship of these phases of matter to heat and the basic principles of thermodynamics. Physics of Matter is unique in its coverage of material and includes topics that have become important in recent times such as graphene and liquid crystals. Material in the book is reinforced by numerous worked examples in the text and problems and solutions at the end of each chapter, the latter ranging in difficulty from simple exercises to challenging problems. The emphasis is on clarity of exposition and explanation, putting the physics before the mathematical with general physical principles that can be more widely applied being stressed. Published in the Manchester Physics Series, which has the reputation of providing insight, depth, and often details on a subject not found in other textbooks, sample topics covered in Physics of Matter include: * Characteristics of atoms (sizes and masses) and Avogadro's number, the forces that bind atoms and molecules together, and the Lennard-Jones potential * Thermal energy, temperature, and the Boltzmann law, covering equations of state, the ideal gas equation, and equipartition of energy * Kinetic theory and transport properties of gases, covering molecular collisions, pressure of an ideal gas, the mean free path and diffusion * Real gases, including Van der Waal's equation of state, virial expansion, critical constants, and heat capacities * Reversible processes, entropy, the Carnot cycle, the thermodynamic fundamental relationship, and Gibbs free energy * Solids, including crystal structure, elastic moduli, and Einstein's model of heat capacity * Liquids, including liquid flow and Bernoulli's equation Physics of Matter is a valuable learning resource for first- and second-year students in physics, chemistry, and engineering, as well as those in adjacent science courses including environmental and biological sciences. The book is written for the subject traditionally called "Properties of Matter."

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 328
• Erscheinungstermin: 3. August 2023
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119468592
• Artikelnr.: 68600281

Autorenporträt

George C. King is Emeritus Professor of Physics in the School of Physics & Astronomy at the University of Manchester and Fellow of the Institute of Physics. His research interests are the study of atoms and molecules using synchrotron radiation and electron impact excitation, and he is the author of over 200 published papers describing these studies. He has over 40 years teaching experience that includes lecturing a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses.

Inhaltsangabe

Editors' preface to the Manchester Physics Series xv

Author's preface xvii

1 Atoms, the constituents of matter 1

1.1 The mass of an atom 1

1.1.1 Atomic masses 4

1.2 The size of an atom 6

1.2.1 Scanning probe microscopy 7

1.3 Atomic structure 11

1.3.1 The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom 12

1.3.2 The Schrodinger equation 17

1.3.3 The Schrodinger equation and the hydrogen atom 25

1.3.4 Multi-electron atoms 36

Problems 1 41

2 The forces that bind atoms together 43

2.1 General characteristics of interatomic forces 43

2.1.1 The range of a force 44

2.1.2 Repulsive and attractive forces 44

2.1.3 Oscillations about the equilibrium separation 46

2.2 Interatomic potential energy 47

2.2.1 The Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential 48

2.3 Types of interatomic bonding 51

2.3.1 van der Waals bonding 51

2.3.2 Repulsive forces between atoms 54

2.3.3 Binding energy and latent heat 54

2.3.4 Ionic bonding 55

2.3.5 The Madelung constant and the Lattice energy 56

2.3.6 Covalent bonding 59

2.3.7 Vibrational motion of a diatomic molecule 61

2.3.8 Metallic bonding 64

2.4 Why gases, liquids, and solids 65

Problems 2 67

3 Thermal energy of atoms and molecules 69

3.1 Temperature and the translational kinetic energy of a molecule 69

3.1.1 The ideal gas equation 71

3.2 Probability distributions and mean values 72

3.2.1 The normal or Gaussian distribution 78

3.3 The Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution 80

3.3.1 The kinetic energy distribution 84

3.4 Boltzmann's law 86

3.4.1 General form of Boltzmann's law 86

3.4.2 The probability distribution for a single component of molecular velocity 87

3.4.3 Doppler broadening of spectral lines 89

3.5 The isothermal atmosphere 91

3.5.1 Potential energy distribution of the molecules 92

3.5.2 Velocity distribution of the molecules 94

3.6 Derivation of the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution 96

3.6.1 Two-dimensional gas 96

3.6.2 Three-dimensional gas 99

3.7 Equipartition of energy 100

3.7.1 Rotational motion of a diatomic molecule 100

3.7.2 Vibrational motion of a diatomic molecule 102

3.7.3 The equipartition theorem applied to macroscopic bodies 104

3.8 Specific heats of gases 106

3.8.1 C V , Specific Heat of One Mole of An Ideal Gas at Constant Volume 107

3.8.2 c P , specific heat of one mole of an ideal gas at constant pressure 108

3.8.3 Ratio of specific heats gamma 108

3.8.4 The breakdown of the classical theory 108

3.8.5 Boltzmann's law and discrete energy levels 110

Problems 3 112

4 Kinetic theory of gases: transport processes 117

4.1 Kinetic theory of gases 117

4.2 Molecular collisions and the mean free path 118

4.3 The distribution of free paths 122

4.4 Diffusion 125

4.4.1 Fink's law of diffusion 125

4.4.2 Taylor's theorem 128

4.4.3 The diffusion equation 128

4.4.4 The kinetic theory of diffusion 132

4.5 Thermal conduction 134

4.5.1 Predictions for the thermal conductivity 136

4.5.2 The heat equation 137

4.6 Viscosity 140

4.6.1 Predictions for the coefficient of viscosity 142

4.7 Comparison of transport properties 142

4.7.1 Estimation of Avogadro's number 143

4.8 Eff