The Philippine Revolution began in 1896, when a group of Filipino revolutionaries led by Andres Bonifacio declared independence from Spain. The Spanish colonial government responded with a brutal crackdown, and the revolutionaries were forced to retreat. In 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out, and the United States entered the conflict. The U.S. Navy defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, and the Filipino revolutionaries, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, declared independence on June 12, 1898. The United States, however, did not recognize the independence of the Philippines. Instead, it annexed the islands as part of the Treaty of Paris in 1898. The Philippine-American War then broke out.
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