Polymer-based Nanostructures (eBook, PDF)

Medical Applications
Redaktion: Broz, Pavel

• Format: PDF

Produktdetails

• Verlag: RSC
• Seitenzahl: 388
• Erscheinungstermin: 10. Februar 2010
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781847559968
• Artikelnr.: 44868086

Autorenporträt

Dr Pavel Broz MD is at the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.

Inhaltsangabe

1 - Foreword
2 - Basics
Polymer materials for biomedical application
Factors influencing the polymer's applicability in biomedical fields
References
Contact
Strategies for transmembrane passage of polymer-based nanostructures
Introduction
Peptides and proteins delivery
Gene delivery
General vaccines delivery
Nanoparticles
Strategies for Transmembrane Passage of Polymer-Based Nanostructures
Gastrointestinal Transepithelial Permeability of Polymer-Based Nanostructures
Mechanisms of Transepithelial Transport of Nanoparticles
Paracellular Pathway
Transcellular Pathway
Strategies for Transepithelial Permeability of Polymer-Based Nanostructures through the Paracellular Pathway
Strategies for Transepithelial Permeability of Polymer-Based Nanostructures through the Transcellular Pathway
Modification of Polymer-Based Nanostructure Surfaces with Targeting Moieties (Targeted Delivery Systems)
Gastrointestinal Targeting of Nanoparticles with Surfaces Modified by Lectins
M Cell Targeting with Polymer-Based Nanostructures Decorated With Lectins on the Surface
Capability of M cells to absorb non-targeted nanoparticles
Strategies for the absorption of targeted nanoparticles by M cells
The use of lectins to target M cells for particulate uptake
The use of Invasins to target M cells for particulate uptake
M Cell Targeting with Polymer-Based Nanostructures Decorated With Antibody on the Surface
Strategy Based on the Understanding and the Use of the right animal model and Conversion of Epithelia cells to M cells
Enterocyte Targeting with Polymer-Based Nanostructures Decorated With Lectins on the Surface
The Use of targeted lecitin-decorated particles to promote particulate absorption by the enterocytes
The Use of targeted Vitamin B12-decorated particles to promote particulate absorption by the enterocytes
The Use of targeted RGD peptide-decorated particles to promote particulate absorption by the enterocytes
Colon Targeting with Polymer-Based Nanostructures Decorated With Lectins on the Surface
Strategies for Gastrointestinal Delivery of Nanoparticles Using Bio-(Muco-) adhesion mechanism
Bioadhesion and Mucoadhesion
Bioadhesion of Polymer-Based Nanostructures
Mucoadhesion Based on Non-specific Interactions
Bioadhesion Based on Specific Interactions
Bio-(muco) adhesive nanoparticles
Chitosan
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer
Poly(methylvinylether-co-maleic anhydride) (PVM/MA)
Poly(alkylcyanoacrylate)
Poly-fumaric anhydride-co-sebacic anhydride (P(FA:SA))
Methacrylic acid grafted with poly(ethylene glycol), and acrylic acid grafted with poly(ethylene glycol)
Hydroxypropyl- -cyclodextrin-insulin (HP CD-I) complex encapsulated polymethacrylic acid-chitosan-polyether (polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol copolymer) (PMCP) nanoparticles
Ply(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogel nanoparticles
The Use Permeability Or Absorption Enhancers as a Strategy for Transepithelial Permeability of Nanoparticles
Surfactants
Chitosan and its derivatives
Thiolated polymers
Strategy based on the Influence of Particle Size on Transepithelial Permeability of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticle Size and Vaccine Development
Strategies Based on the Influence of Particle Surface Properties (Charge and hydrophobicity) on Transepithelial Permeability of Nanoparticles
Strategies Based on Protein Transduction
Historical Perspectives
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) involved in delivery of therapeutic agents
Mechanism of Translocation
Applications of CPP to Particulate Permeability
Strategy for Permeability of Nanostructures Across Other Mucosal Epithelia
Transepithelial permeability of polymer-based nanostructures across the lung epithelium
Effect of Particle Size
Mucoadhesion
Targeting with Lectin
Nasal route
Ophthalmic route
Size
Mucoadhesion
Surface Charge
Strategies for Permeability of Polymer-Based
Nanostructures Across Blood-Brain Barrier
Surfactant
Surface charge
Particle size
Antibody for targeting the Blood-Brain Barrier
Lectin for targeting the Blood-Brain Barrier
Nanogel for targeted delivery of drugs and macromolecules to the brain
References
Contact
Nanoparticle Engineering for the Lymphatic System and Lymph Node Targeting
Introduction
Nanoparticle size
Nanoparticle surface engineering
Surface modification with serum
Surface manipulation with block copolymers
Recent trends in vesicular surface engineering
Platform nanotechnologies
Conclusions
References
Contact
Strategies for Intracellular Delivery of Polymer-based Nanosystems
Introduction
Barriers to cellular transport of nanosystems
Nanosystem-cell interactions and cellular internalization
Intracellular trafficking of nanosystems
Challenges
References
Contact
Strategies for triggered release from polymer-based nanostructures
Introduction
Stimuli applied for triggered release
Temperature
Polymers based on LCST
Polymers based on amphiphilic balance
Polymeric nanovehicles for drug delivery with temperature-triggered release mechanism
pH
Anionic and cationic polymers
Polymeric systems with acidic pH-cleavable bonds
Polymeric nanovehicles for drug release by pH-triggered destabilization mechanism
Other stimuli (light, electric fields, ionic strength, biomolecules, etc.)
Magnetic and electric field
Ultrasound
Light
Specific interactions
Channel proteins - candidates for triggers of drug release
Antigen responsive polymers
Enzyme-triggered drug delivery systems
Glucose-responsive polymers
Redox-sensitive systems
References
Contact
Strategies for enhanced biocompatibility and biodegrability of polymer-based nanostructures
3 - Polymer-based nanostructures for diagnostic applications
Polymeric nanoparticles for medical imaging
Introduction
Polymeric particles in medical imaging
MRI Contrast agents
Overview
Toward ideal contrast agents
The case for nanoparticle agents: Gd-albumin experience
The problem of MRI sensitivity
References
Type I, Linear chains, polylysine backbone
Motivation
Synthesis and Conformation
Role of electric dipole centers on the polymer chain
Transport rate blocking
cRGD peptide effects
Binding site density
Scaling law
Trans-endothelial transport: the new mechanism
Cell-surface assisted migration
Summary
Tumor assessment
References
Type I, linear chains, dextran backbone
Motivation and early results
DOTA linked dextran
Synthesis of carboxymethyldextran -A2-Gd-DOTA
Clearance and safety
Angiography
Tumor assessment
New DTPA-dextran constructs
Dextran constructs for nuclear and optical imaging
Summary
References
Type II, Dendrimers and globular particles
Introduction
Structures and synthesis of principle classes of dendrimers for imaging
DTPA-dendrimers, principle characteristics
DOTA linked dendrimer, Gadomer 17
Structure and characteristics
Biodistribution and elimination
Dendrimer elimination and safety
Remarks on safety
Applications
Angiography
Lymph node evaluation
Tumor characterization
Summary
Other constructs, targeting, and CT
References
Globular agents and endothelial pore size distribution
Tumor endothelial leakiness, large pore dominance model
Theoretical
Pore size distribution in rat mammary tumors
PEG linked Gd-DTPA-polylysine
References
Iron oxide nanoparticles
Summary overview
Developments
Polymer coating
Monomer coating
Labeling of cells
Cell trafficking
Cell labeling II and detection limits
Lymphocyte homing
Single cell detection
Signal nonlinearity
Lymphography
Gene expression
Targeting
Tumor assessment
References
Contact
Polymeric vesicles/capsules for diagnostic applications in medicine
Introduction
Ex vivo Diagnostics
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Diagnostic Imaging
X-Ray
Liposomes
Polymeric particles
Gold particles
Magnetic Resonance Imaging-contrast
SPIOs and USPIOs
Liposomes
Dendrimers
Ultrasound Contrast Agents
Surfactant-stabilized nanobubbles
Liquid Perfluorocarbons
Solid nanoparticles
Hollow Polymeric nanocapsules
Imaging and Drug and Gene delivery
Targeted UCA
Gold nanoparticles and photoacoustic measurements
Optical Imaging
Radionuclide imaging
Single photon emission computed tomography
Positron emission tomography
Conclusion
References
Contact
4 - Polymer-based nanostructures for therapeutic applications
Polymeric micelles for therapeutic applications in medicine
Introduction
Solubilization by micelles
Polymeric micelles
Micelle preparation, morphology, and drug loading
Drug-loaded polymeric micelles in vivo
targeted and stimuli-sensitive micelles
Other applications of polymeric micelles
Micelles in immunology
Micelles as carriers of contrast agents
Conclusion
References
Contact
Polymeric particles for therapeutic applications in medicine
Anti-Cancer Polymersomes
Introduction
Polymersome structure and properties
Controlled release polymersomes
Small molecule chemotherapeutics for shrinking tumors
Efforts to target polymersomes
Conclusions and opportune comparisons to copolymer micelles
References
Contact
5 - Polymer-based nanostructures with an intelligent functionality
Polymer-based nanoreactors for medical applications
Introduction
The nanoreactor toolbox
Polymers
Channels and enzymes used in nanoreactors
Permeabilizing proteins
Encapsulated proteins
Preparation methods
Ethanol method
Film hydration method
Direct dispersion method
Functionalized reactors
Targeting of nanoreactors to different tissues
Controlling the activity of the nanoreactor
Applications
Open questions
References
Contact
Nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and therapy
Introduction
Cancer facts/problems
Nanoparticle advantages for cancer therapy and imaging
Nanoparticles for therapy
Chemotherapy
Polymeric nanoparticles
Dendrimer
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Radiotherapy
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
Thermotherapy
Nanoparticles for imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Optical Imaging
X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)
Bimodal Imaging: MRI and Fluorescence Imaging
Multitasking nanoparticles for integrated imaging and therapy
Summary and future challenges
Acknowledgements
References
Contact