Tony Waters

Process Gas Chromatographs (eBook, PDF)

Fundamentals, Design and Implementation

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

A guide to the fundamentals of applied gas chromatography and the process gas chromatograph, with practical procedures for design and troubleshooting This comprehensive resource provides the theory that underpins a full understanding of the fundamental techniques of gas chromatography and the process analyzer. Without relying on complex mathematics, the book addresses hands-on applications of gas chromatographs within process industries. The author - a noted expert on the topic - details both the scientific information needed to grasp the material presented and the practical applications for professionals working in the field. Process Gas Chromatographs: Fundamentals, Design and Implementation comprises 15 chapters, a glossary of terms and a series of self-assessment questions and quizzes. This important resource: * Describes practical procedures for design and troubleshooting * Contains concise chapters that provide a structured course for advanced students in process engineering * Reviews the fundamentals of applied gas chromatography * Details the operation and maintenance of process gas chromatographs * Offers a summary, and self-assessment questions, for every chapter * Is written by an international expert in the field with extensive industry knowledge and teaching experience in courses on process sampling systems and gas chromatography Written for process analyzer engineers and technicians, application engineers, and industrial environmental engineers, Process Gas Chromatographs: Fundamentals, Design and Implementation offers an essential guide to the basics of gas chromatography and reviews the applications of process gas chromatographs in industry today.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 400
• Erscheinungstermin: 28. April 2020
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119633006
• Artikelnr.: 59371911

Autorenporträt

Tony Waters owns Analyzer Consulting Engineers, LLC in USA and is an Elected Fellow of International Society of Automation. Since 2000, he has been a Consultant in Process Analysis assisting refiners and chemical processors to achieve optimal use of process analyzers. He has twenty-five years' experience of working in the industry before setting up his own company, Measurementation, Inc. in 1986 to manufacture process analyzer systems.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xix

Contributors xxi

Acknowledgments xxvii

Part One PGC fundamentals 1

1 An introduction 3

Chromatographic separation 3

The gas chromatograph 4

The basic instrument 4

The process instrument 5

The oven 7

Temperature control 7

Temperature programming 7

The sample injection valve 8

Laboratory and online practice 8

Plug injection 8

Gas sample injection 9

Liquid sample injection 9

The column 10

The separating device 10

It takes time 10

Multiple columns 11

SCI-FILE: On Column Types 12

Introduction to SCI-FILEs 12

Two kinds of column 12

Packed columns 12

Open-tubular columns 12

The detector 13

Making the measurements 13

The chromatogram 14

Knowledge Gained 18

Did you get it? 19

Self-assessment quiz: SAQ 01 19

Student evaluation test: SET 01 20

References 21

Cited 21

Figures 22

New technical terms 22

2 Peakshape 25

How columns work 25

What happens inside the column 26

How gas and liquid interact 26

Troubleshooting tips 28

How peaks form 28

Forming an equilibrium 28

The effect of movement 30

A peak appears 31

Effect of more equilibria 33

Some conclusions 34

Identical molecules - different behavior 34

All peaks are symmetrical 35

More equilibria - narrower peaks 35

More equilibria - taller peaks 35

Retention at the apex 36

More equilibria - same retention time 36

SCI-FILE: On Solubility 36

Solubility 36

Partition 36

Distribution 37

Limitations 37

Knowledge Gained 37

Did you get it? 38

Self-assessment quiz: SAQ 02 38

Student evaluation test: SET 02 38

References 40

Figures 40

Equation 41

Symbols 41

New technical terms 41

3 Separation 43

How peaks get separated 43

A more realistic explanation 43

A challenge question 46

Significance of the air peak 47

The answer 48

Measurements from chromatograms 50

A practical task 50

Typical calculations 51

Knowledge Gained 52

Did you get it? 53

Self-assessment quiz: SAQ 03 53

Student evaluation test: SET 03 53

References 55

Figures 55

Equations 55

Symbols 55

New technical terms 55

4 Peakpatterns 57

Migration rate 57

Predictable patterns in peak position 57

Space or time 57

Spatial or temporal separation 58

Predictable patterns in peak width 59

Distance or duration 59

SCI-FILE: On Chemical Names 60

Hydrocarbons 60

Shorthand notation 61

Predictable patterns in retention 61

The doubling rule 61

Challenge question 62

A process of elimination 62

Temperature programming 64

Relative retention 66

Separation and resolution 67

Resolution 67

Predictable patterns in resolution 69

Knowledge Gained 71

Did you get it? 72

Self-assessment quiz: SAQ 04 72

Student evaluation test: SET 04 72

References 74

Figures