Marian K. Kazimierczuk
Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters (eBook, ePUB)
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Marian K. Kazimierczuk
Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters (eBook, ePUB)
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PWM DC-DC power converter technology underpins many energy conversion systems including renewable energy circuits, active power factor correctors, battery chargers, portable devices and LED drivers. Following the success of Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters this second edition has been thoroughly revised and expanded to cover the latest challenges and advances in the field. Key features of 2nd edition: * Four new chapters, detailing the latest advances in power conversion, focus on: small-signal model and dynamic characteristics of the buck converter in continuous conduction mode;…mehr
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PWM DC-DC power converter technology underpins many energy conversion systems including renewable energy circuits, active power factor correctors, battery chargers, portable devices and LED drivers. Following the success of Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters this second edition has been thoroughly revised and expanded to cover the latest challenges and advances in the field. Key features of 2nd edition: * Four new chapters, detailing the latest advances in power conversion, focus on: small-signal model and dynamic characteristics of the buck converter in continuous conduction mode; voltage-mode control of buck converter; small-signal model and characteristics of the boost converter in the discontinuous conduction mode and electromagnetic compatibility EMC. * Provides readers with a solid understanding of the principles of operation, synthesis, analysis and design of PWM power converters and semiconductor power devices, including wide band-gap power devices (SiC and GaN). * Fully revised Solutions for all end-of-chapter problems available to instructors via the book companion website. * Step-by-step derivation of closed-form design equations with illustrations. * Fully revised figures based on real data. With improved end-of-chapter summaries of key concepts, review questions, problems and answers, biographies and case studies, this is an essential textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering. Its superior readability and clarity of explanations also makes it a key reference for practicing engineers and research scientists.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 960
- Erscheinungstermin: 24. August 2015
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119009573
- Artikelnr.: 43733733
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 960
- Erscheinungstermin: 24. August 2015
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119009573
- Artikelnr.: 43733733
Marian K. Kazimierczuk Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
About the Author xxi Preface xxiii Nomenclature xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1
Classification of Power Supplies 1 1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage
Regulators 3 1.3 Power Relationships in DC-DC Converters 4 1.4 DC Transfer
Functions of DC-DC Converters 5 1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage
Regulators 6 1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 9 1.7
Linear Voltage Regulators 12 1.8 Topologies of PWM DC-DC Converters 16 1.9
Relationships Among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power 18 1.10 Summary 19
References 19 Review Questions 20 Problems 21 2 Buck PWM DC-DC Converter 22
2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM 22 2.3 DC
Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM 52 2.4 Buck Converter with Input
Filter 68 2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 68 2.6 Buck
Converter with Positive Common Rail 76 2.7 Quadratic Buck Converter 76 2.8
Tapped-Inductor Buck Converters 79 2.9 Multiphase Buck Converter 83 2.10
Switched-Inductor Buck Converter 85 2.11 Layout 85 2.12 Summary 85
References 87 Review Questions 88 Problems 88 3 Boost PWM DC-DC Converter
90 3.1 Introduction 90 3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM 90
3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 107 3.4 Bidirectional Buck
and Boost Converters 127 3.5 Synchronous Boost Converter 129 3.6
Tapped-Inductor Boost Converters 129 3.7 Duality 133 3.8 Power Factor
Correction 134 3.9 Summary 141 References 142 Review Questions 143 Problems
143 4 Buck-Boost PWM DC-DC Converter 145 4.1 Introduction 145 4.2 DC
Analysis of PWM Buck-Boost Converter for CCM 145 4.3 DC Analysis of PWM
Buck-Boost Converter for DCM 162 4.4 Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter 180
4.5 Synthesis of Buck-Boost Converter 181 4.6 Synthesis of Boost-Buck (C¿
uk) Converter 183 4.7 Noninverting Buck-Boost Converters 184 4.8
Tapped-Inductor Buck-Boost Converters 186 4.9 Summary 192 References 192
Review Questions 193 Problems 193 5 Flyback PWM DC-DC Converter 195 5.1
Introduction 195 5.2 Transformers 196 5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback
Converter for CCM 197 5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM 214
5.5 Multiple-Output Flyback Converter 232 5.6 Bidirectional Flyback
Converter 237 5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter 237 5.8 Flyback Converter
with Passive Dissipative Snubber 240 5.9 Flyback Converter with Zener Diode
Voltage Clamp 240 5.10 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping 241 5.11
Two-Transistor Flyback Converter 241 5.12 Summary 243 References 244 Review
Questions 244 Problems 245 6 Forward PWM DC-DC Converter 246 6.1
Introduction 246 6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM 246 6.3
DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM 269 6.4 Multiple-Output
Forward Converter 288 6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 288
6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping 288 6.7 Two-Switch Forward
Converter 290 6.8 Forward-Flyback Converter 291 6.9 Summary 292 References
293 Review Questions 293 Problems 294 7 Half-Bridge PWM DC-DC Converter 296
7.1 Introduction 296 7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for CCM
296 7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for DCM 315 7.4 Summary
326 References 327 Review Questions 327 Problems 328 8 Full-Bridge PWM
DC-DC Converter 330 8.1 Introduction 330 8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge
Converter for CCM 330 8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for DCM
351 8.4 Phase-Controlled Full-Bridge Converter 361 8.5 Summary 362
References 362 Review Questions 362 Problems 363 9 Small-Signal Models of
PWM Converters for CCM and DCM 365 9.1 Introduction 365 9.2 Assumptions 366
9.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM 366 9.4 Averaged
Values of Switched Resistances 369 9.5 Model Reduction 375 9.6 Large-Signal
Averaged Model for CCM 377 9.7 DC and Small-Signal Circuit Linear Models of
Switching Network for CCM 381 9.8 Block Diagram of Small-signal Model of
PWM DC-DC Converters 385 9.9 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM 386
9.10 PWM Small-Signal Switch Model for CCM 389 9.11 Modeling of Ideal
Switching Network for DCM 391 9.12 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM
398 9.13 Summary 400 References 402 Review Questions 405 Problems 405 10
Small-Signal Characteristics of Buck Converter for CCM 407 10.1
Introduction 407 10.2 Small-Signal Model of the PWM Buck Converter 407 10.3
Open-Loop Transfer Functions 408 10.4 Open-Loop Step Responses 426 10.5
Open-Loop DC Transfer Functions 434 10.6 Summary 436 References 436 Review
Questions 437 Problems 438 11 Small-Signal Characteristics of Boost
Converter for CCM 439 11.1 Introduction 439 11.2 DC Characteristics 439
11.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 440 11.4 Delay in
Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 449 11.5 Open-Loop Audio
Susceptibility 451 11.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance 455 11.7 Open-Loop Output
Impedance 457 11.8 Open-Loop Step Responses 461 11.9 Summary 467 References
467 Review Questions 468 Problems 468 12 Voltage-Mode Control of PWM Buck
Converter 470 12.1 Introduction 470 12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback
471 12.3 Stability 474 12.4 Single-Loop Control of PWM Buck Converter 475
12.5 Closed-Loop Small-Signal Model of Buck Converter 478 12.6 Pulse-Width
Modulator 478 12.7 Feedback Network 483 12.8 Transfer Function of Buck
Converter with Modulator and Feedback Network 486 12.9 Control Circuits 489
12.10 Closed-Loop Step Responses 511 12.11 Summary 518 References 519
Review Questions 519 Problems 520 13 Voltage-Mode Control of Boost
Converter 521 13.1 Introduction 521 13.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with
Voltage-Mode Control 521 13.3 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost
Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network 523 13.4 Integral-Double-Lead
Controller 527 13.5 Design of Integral-Double-Lead Controller 532 13.6 Loop
Gain 536 13.7 Closed-Loop Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 537
13.8 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility 539 13.9 Closed-Loop Input Impedance
539 13.10 Closed-Loop Output Impedance 542 13.11 Closed-Loop Step Responses
544 13.12 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 549 13.13 Summary 552
References 552 Review Questions 552 Problems 553 14 Current-Mode Control
554 14.1 Introduction 554 14.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters
with Peak CMC 555 14.3 Relationship Between Duty Cycle and Inductor-Current
Slopes 559 14.4 Instability of Closed-Current Loop 560 14.5 Slope
Compensation 564 14.6 Sample-and-Hold Effect on Current Loop 570 14.7
Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function in
s-Domain 580 14.8 Loop Gain of Current Loop 588 14.9 Gain-Crossover
Frequency of Inner Loop 595 14.10 Phase Margin of Inner Loop 596 14.11
Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters Without Slope Compensation 598 14.12
Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters with Slope Compensation 600 14.13 Minimum
Slope Compensation for Buck and Buck-Boost Converter 605 14.14 Minimum
Slope Compensation for Boost Converter 607 14.15 Error Voltage-to-Duty
Cycle Transfer Function 610 14.16 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Duty Cycle
Transfer Function of Current Loop 614 14.17 Alternative Representation of
Current Loop 618 14.18 Current Loop with Disturbances 618 14.19 Voltage
Loop of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 624 14.20 Feedforward
Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control without Slope
Compensation 631 14.21 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with
Current-Mode Control and Slope Compensation 634 14.22 Control-to-Output
Voltage Transfer Function of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 636 14.23
Audio-Susceptibility of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 637 14.24
Closed-Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains 638 14.25 Slope
Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current Waveform 638 14.26
Relationships for Constant-Frequency Current-Mode On-Time Control 639 14.27
Summary 639 References 640 Review Questions 644 Problems 644 14.28
Appendix: Sample-and-Hold Modeling 645 15 Current-Mode Control of Boost
Converter 653 15.1 Introduction 653 15.2 Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer
Functions 653 15.3 Open-Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current 667 15.4
Closed-Current-Loop Transfer Functions 675 15.5 Closed-Voltage-Loop
Transfer Functions 695 15.6 Closed-Loop Step Responses 706 15.7 Closed-Loop
DC Transfer Functions 710 15.8 Summary 711 References 711 Review Questions
712 Problems 712 16 Open-Loop Small-Signal Characteristics of PWM Boost
Converter for DCM 713 16.1 Introduction 713 16.2 Small-Signal Model of
Boost Converter for DCM 713 16.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer
Function 716 16.4 Open-Loop Input-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 719
16.5 Open-Loop Input Impedance 724 16.6 Open-Loop Output Impedance 725 16.7
Step Responses of Output Voltage of Boost Converter for DCM 728 16.8
Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 731 16.9
Open-Loop Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.10
Open-Loop Output Current-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.11
Step Responses of Inductor Current of Boost Converter for DCM 738 16.12 DC
Characteristics of Boost Converter for DCM 742 16.13 Summary 745 References
745 Review Questions 746 Problems 746 17 Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power
Diodes 747 17.1 Introduction 747 17.2 Electronic Power Switches 747 17.3
Atom 748 17.4 Electron and Hole Effective Mass 749 17.5 Semiconductors 750
17.6 Intrinsic Semiconductors 751 17.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors 756 17.8
Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 762 17.9 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes
764 17.10 Static I-V Diode Characteristic 768 17.11 Breakdown Voltage of
Junction Diodes 772 17.12 Capacitances of Junction Diodes 784 17.13 Reverse
Recovery of pn Junction Diodes 789 17.14 Schottky Diodes 798 17.15 Solar
Cells 806 17.16 Light-Emitting Diodes 809 17.17 SPICE Model of Diodes 810
17.18 Summary 811 References 815 Review Questions 816 Problems 817 18
Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power MOSFETs 819 18.1 Introduction 819 18.2
Integrated MOSFETs 819 18.3 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs 819 18.4
Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs 824 18.5 Derivation of Power MOSFET
Characteristics 826 18.6 Power MOSFET Characteristics 831 18.7 Mobility of
Charge Carriers 833 18.8 Short-Channel Effects 846 18.9 Aspect Ratio of
Power MOSFETs 848 18.10 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 850 18.11 Gate
Oxide Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 852 18.12 Specific On-Resistance
852 18.13 Figures-of-Merit of Semiconductors 855 18.14 On-Resistance of
Power MOSFETs 857 18.15 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs 862 18.16 Switching
Waveforms 875 18.17 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 877 18.18 IGBTs 879 18.19
Heat Sinks 880 18.20 Summary 886 References 888 Review Questions 888
Problems 889 19 Electromagnetic Compatibility 891 19.1 Introduction 891
19.2 Definition of EMI 891 19.3 Definition of EMC 892 19.4 EMI Immunity 892
19.5 EMI Susceptibility 893 19.6 Classification of EMI 893 19.7 Sources of
EMI 895 19.8 Safety Standards 896 19.9 EMC Standards 896 19.10 Near Field
and Far Field 897 19.11 Techniques of EMI Reduction 897 19.12 Insertion
Loss 898 19.13 EMI Filters 898 19.14 Feed-Through Capacitors 900 19.15 EMI
Shielding 900 19.16 Interconnections 902 19.17 Summary 903 References 903
Review Questions 903 Problem 904 A Introduction to SPICE 907 B Introduction
to MATLAB® 910 C Physical Constants 915 Answers to Problems 917 Index 925
Classification of Power Supplies 1 1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage
Regulators 3 1.3 Power Relationships in DC-DC Converters 4 1.4 DC Transfer
Functions of DC-DC Converters 5 1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage
Regulators 6 1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 9 1.7
Linear Voltage Regulators 12 1.8 Topologies of PWM DC-DC Converters 16 1.9
Relationships Among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power 18 1.10 Summary 19
References 19 Review Questions 20 Problems 21 2 Buck PWM DC-DC Converter 22
2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM 22 2.3 DC
Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM 52 2.4 Buck Converter with Input
Filter 68 2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 68 2.6 Buck
Converter with Positive Common Rail 76 2.7 Quadratic Buck Converter 76 2.8
Tapped-Inductor Buck Converters 79 2.9 Multiphase Buck Converter 83 2.10
Switched-Inductor Buck Converter 85 2.11 Layout 85 2.12 Summary 85
References 87 Review Questions 88 Problems 88 3 Boost PWM DC-DC Converter
90 3.1 Introduction 90 3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM 90
3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 107 3.4 Bidirectional Buck
and Boost Converters 127 3.5 Synchronous Boost Converter 129 3.6
Tapped-Inductor Boost Converters 129 3.7 Duality 133 3.8 Power Factor
Correction 134 3.9 Summary 141 References 142 Review Questions 143 Problems
143 4 Buck-Boost PWM DC-DC Converter 145 4.1 Introduction 145 4.2 DC
Analysis of PWM Buck-Boost Converter for CCM 145 4.3 DC Analysis of PWM
Buck-Boost Converter for DCM 162 4.4 Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter 180
4.5 Synthesis of Buck-Boost Converter 181 4.6 Synthesis of Boost-Buck (C¿
uk) Converter 183 4.7 Noninverting Buck-Boost Converters 184 4.8
Tapped-Inductor Buck-Boost Converters 186 4.9 Summary 192 References 192
Review Questions 193 Problems 193 5 Flyback PWM DC-DC Converter 195 5.1
Introduction 195 5.2 Transformers 196 5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback
Converter for CCM 197 5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM 214
5.5 Multiple-Output Flyback Converter 232 5.6 Bidirectional Flyback
Converter 237 5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter 237 5.8 Flyback Converter
with Passive Dissipative Snubber 240 5.9 Flyback Converter with Zener Diode
Voltage Clamp 240 5.10 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping 241 5.11
Two-Transistor Flyback Converter 241 5.12 Summary 243 References 244 Review
Questions 244 Problems 245 6 Forward PWM DC-DC Converter 246 6.1
Introduction 246 6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM 246 6.3
DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM 269 6.4 Multiple-Output
Forward Converter 288 6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 288
6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping 288 6.7 Two-Switch Forward
Converter 290 6.8 Forward-Flyback Converter 291 6.9 Summary 292 References
293 Review Questions 293 Problems 294 7 Half-Bridge PWM DC-DC Converter 296
7.1 Introduction 296 7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for CCM
296 7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for DCM 315 7.4 Summary
326 References 327 Review Questions 327 Problems 328 8 Full-Bridge PWM
DC-DC Converter 330 8.1 Introduction 330 8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge
Converter for CCM 330 8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for DCM
351 8.4 Phase-Controlled Full-Bridge Converter 361 8.5 Summary 362
References 362 Review Questions 362 Problems 363 9 Small-Signal Models of
PWM Converters for CCM and DCM 365 9.1 Introduction 365 9.2 Assumptions 366
9.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM 366 9.4 Averaged
Values of Switched Resistances 369 9.5 Model Reduction 375 9.6 Large-Signal
Averaged Model for CCM 377 9.7 DC and Small-Signal Circuit Linear Models of
Switching Network for CCM 381 9.8 Block Diagram of Small-signal Model of
PWM DC-DC Converters 385 9.9 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM 386
9.10 PWM Small-Signal Switch Model for CCM 389 9.11 Modeling of Ideal
Switching Network for DCM 391 9.12 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM
398 9.13 Summary 400 References 402 Review Questions 405 Problems 405 10
Small-Signal Characteristics of Buck Converter for CCM 407 10.1
Introduction 407 10.2 Small-Signal Model of the PWM Buck Converter 407 10.3
Open-Loop Transfer Functions 408 10.4 Open-Loop Step Responses 426 10.5
Open-Loop DC Transfer Functions 434 10.6 Summary 436 References 436 Review
Questions 437 Problems 438 11 Small-Signal Characteristics of Boost
Converter for CCM 439 11.1 Introduction 439 11.2 DC Characteristics 439
11.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 440 11.4 Delay in
Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 449 11.5 Open-Loop Audio
Susceptibility 451 11.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance 455 11.7 Open-Loop Output
Impedance 457 11.8 Open-Loop Step Responses 461 11.9 Summary 467 References
467 Review Questions 468 Problems 468 12 Voltage-Mode Control of PWM Buck
Converter 470 12.1 Introduction 470 12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback
471 12.3 Stability 474 12.4 Single-Loop Control of PWM Buck Converter 475
12.5 Closed-Loop Small-Signal Model of Buck Converter 478 12.6 Pulse-Width
Modulator 478 12.7 Feedback Network 483 12.8 Transfer Function of Buck
Converter with Modulator and Feedback Network 486 12.9 Control Circuits 489
12.10 Closed-Loop Step Responses 511 12.11 Summary 518 References 519
Review Questions 519 Problems 520 13 Voltage-Mode Control of Boost
Converter 521 13.1 Introduction 521 13.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with
Voltage-Mode Control 521 13.3 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost
Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network 523 13.4 Integral-Double-Lead
Controller 527 13.5 Design of Integral-Double-Lead Controller 532 13.6 Loop
Gain 536 13.7 Closed-Loop Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 537
13.8 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility 539 13.9 Closed-Loop Input Impedance
539 13.10 Closed-Loop Output Impedance 542 13.11 Closed-Loop Step Responses
544 13.12 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 549 13.13 Summary 552
References 552 Review Questions 552 Problems 553 14 Current-Mode Control
554 14.1 Introduction 554 14.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters
with Peak CMC 555 14.3 Relationship Between Duty Cycle and Inductor-Current
Slopes 559 14.4 Instability of Closed-Current Loop 560 14.5 Slope
Compensation 564 14.6 Sample-and-Hold Effect on Current Loop 570 14.7
Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function in
s-Domain 580 14.8 Loop Gain of Current Loop 588 14.9 Gain-Crossover
Frequency of Inner Loop 595 14.10 Phase Margin of Inner Loop 596 14.11
Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters Without Slope Compensation 598 14.12
Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters with Slope Compensation 600 14.13 Minimum
Slope Compensation for Buck and Buck-Boost Converter 605 14.14 Minimum
Slope Compensation for Boost Converter 607 14.15 Error Voltage-to-Duty
Cycle Transfer Function 610 14.16 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Duty Cycle
Transfer Function of Current Loop 614 14.17 Alternative Representation of
Current Loop 618 14.18 Current Loop with Disturbances 618 14.19 Voltage
Loop of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 624 14.20 Feedforward
Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control without Slope
Compensation 631 14.21 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with
Current-Mode Control and Slope Compensation 634 14.22 Control-to-Output
Voltage Transfer Function of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 636 14.23
Audio-Susceptibility of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 637 14.24
Closed-Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains 638 14.25 Slope
Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current Waveform 638 14.26
Relationships for Constant-Frequency Current-Mode On-Time Control 639 14.27
Summary 639 References 640 Review Questions 644 Problems 644 14.28
Appendix: Sample-and-Hold Modeling 645 15 Current-Mode Control of Boost
Converter 653 15.1 Introduction 653 15.2 Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer
Functions 653 15.3 Open-Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current 667 15.4
Closed-Current-Loop Transfer Functions 675 15.5 Closed-Voltage-Loop
Transfer Functions 695 15.6 Closed-Loop Step Responses 706 15.7 Closed-Loop
DC Transfer Functions 710 15.8 Summary 711 References 711 Review Questions
712 Problems 712 16 Open-Loop Small-Signal Characteristics of PWM Boost
Converter for DCM 713 16.1 Introduction 713 16.2 Small-Signal Model of
Boost Converter for DCM 713 16.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer
Function 716 16.4 Open-Loop Input-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 719
16.5 Open-Loop Input Impedance 724 16.6 Open-Loop Output Impedance 725 16.7
Step Responses of Output Voltage of Boost Converter for DCM 728 16.8
Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 731 16.9
Open-Loop Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.10
Open-Loop Output Current-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.11
Step Responses of Inductor Current of Boost Converter for DCM 738 16.12 DC
Characteristics of Boost Converter for DCM 742 16.13 Summary 745 References
745 Review Questions 746 Problems 746 17 Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power
Diodes 747 17.1 Introduction 747 17.2 Electronic Power Switches 747 17.3
Atom 748 17.4 Electron and Hole Effective Mass 749 17.5 Semiconductors 750
17.6 Intrinsic Semiconductors 751 17.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors 756 17.8
Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 762 17.9 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes
764 17.10 Static I-V Diode Characteristic 768 17.11 Breakdown Voltage of
Junction Diodes 772 17.12 Capacitances of Junction Diodes 784 17.13 Reverse
Recovery of pn Junction Diodes 789 17.14 Schottky Diodes 798 17.15 Solar
Cells 806 17.16 Light-Emitting Diodes 809 17.17 SPICE Model of Diodes 810
17.18 Summary 811 References 815 Review Questions 816 Problems 817 18
Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power MOSFETs 819 18.1 Introduction 819 18.2
Integrated MOSFETs 819 18.3 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs 819 18.4
Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs 824 18.5 Derivation of Power MOSFET
Characteristics 826 18.6 Power MOSFET Characteristics 831 18.7 Mobility of
Charge Carriers 833 18.8 Short-Channel Effects 846 18.9 Aspect Ratio of
Power MOSFETs 848 18.10 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 850 18.11 Gate
Oxide Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 852 18.12 Specific On-Resistance
852 18.13 Figures-of-Merit of Semiconductors 855 18.14 On-Resistance of
Power MOSFETs 857 18.15 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs 862 18.16 Switching
Waveforms 875 18.17 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 877 18.18 IGBTs 879 18.19
Heat Sinks 880 18.20 Summary 886 References 888 Review Questions 888
Problems 889 19 Electromagnetic Compatibility 891 19.1 Introduction 891
19.2 Definition of EMI 891 19.3 Definition of EMC 892 19.4 EMI Immunity 892
19.5 EMI Susceptibility 893 19.6 Classification of EMI 893 19.7 Sources of
EMI 895 19.8 Safety Standards 896 19.9 EMC Standards 896 19.10 Near Field
and Far Field 897 19.11 Techniques of EMI Reduction 897 19.12 Insertion
Loss 898 19.13 EMI Filters 898 19.14 Feed-Through Capacitors 900 19.15 EMI
Shielding 900 19.16 Interconnections 902 19.17 Summary 903 References 903
Review Questions 903 Problem 904 A Introduction to SPICE 907 B Introduction
to MATLAB® 910 C Physical Constants 915 Answers to Problems 917 Index 925
About the Author xxi Preface xxiii Nomenclature xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1
Classification of Power Supplies 1 1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage
Regulators 3 1.3 Power Relationships in DC-DC Converters 4 1.4 DC Transfer
Functions of DC-DC Converters 5 1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage
Regulators 6 1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 9 1.7
Linear Voltage Regulators 12 1.8 Topologies of PWM DC-DC Converters 16 1.9
Relationships Among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power 18 1.10 Summary 19
References 19 Review Questions 20 Problems 21 2 Buck PWM DC-DC Converter 22
2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM 22 2.3 DC
Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM 52 2.4 Buck Converter with Input
Filter 68 2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 68 2.6 Buck
Converter with Positive Common Rail 76 2.7 Quadratic Buck Converter 76 2.8
Tapped-Inductor Buck Converters 79 2.9 Multiphase Buck Converter 83 2.10
Switched-Inductor Buck Converter 85 2.11 Layout 85 2.12 Summary 85
References 87 Review Questions 88 Problems 88 3 Boost PWM DC-DC Converter
90 3.1 Introduction 90 3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM 90
3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 107 3.4 Bidirectional Buck
and Boost Converters 127 3.5 Synchronous Boost Converter 129 3.6
Tapped-Inductor Boost Converters 129 3.7 Duality 133 3.8 Power Factor
Correction 134 3.9 Summary 141 References 142 Review Questions 143 Problems
143 4 Buck-Boost PWM DC-DC Converter 145 4.1 Introduction 145 4.2 DC
Analysis of PWM Buck-Boost Converter for CCM 145 4.3 DC Analysis of PWM
Buck-Boost Converter for DCM 162 4.4 Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter 180
4.5 Synthesis of Buck-Boost Converter 181 4.6 Synthesis of Boost-Buck (C¿
uk) Converter 183 4.7 Noninverting Buck-Boost Converters 184 4.8
Tapped-Inductor Buck-Boost Converters 186 4.9 Summary 192 References 192
Review Questions 193 Problems 193 5 Flyback PWM DC-DC Converter 195 5.1
Introduction 195 5.2 Transformers 196 5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback
Converter for CCM 197 5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM 214
5.5 Multiple-Output Flyback Converter 232 5.6 Bidirectional Flyback
Converter 237 5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter 237 5.8 Flyback Converter
with Passive Dissipative Snubber 240 5.9 Flyback Converter with Zener Diode
Voltage Clamp 240 5.10 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping 241 5.11
Two-Transistor Flyback Converter 241 5.12 Summary 243 References 244 Review
Questions 244 Problems 245 6 Forward PWM DC-DC Converter 246 6.1
Introduction 246 6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM 246 6.3
DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM 269 6.4 Multiple-Output
Forward Converter 288 6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 288
6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping 288 6.7 Two-Switch Forward
Converter 290 6.8 Forward-Flyback Converter 291 6.9 Summary 292 References
293 Review Questions 293 Problems 294 7 Half-Bridge PWM DC-DC Converter 296
7.1 Introduction 296 7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for CCM
296 7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for DCM 315 7.4 Summary
326 References 327 Review Questions 327 Problems 328 8 Full-Bridge PWM
DC-DC Converter 330 8.1 Introduction 330 8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge
Converter for CCM 330 8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for DCM
351 8.4 Phase-Controlled Full-Bridge Converter 361 8.5 Summary 362
References 362 Review Questions 362 Problems 363 9 Small-Signal Models of
PWM Converters for CCM and DCM 365 9.1 Introduction 365 9.2 Assumptions 366
9.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM 366 9.4 Averaged
Values of Switched Resistances 369 9.5 Model Reduction 375 9.6 Large-Signal
Averaged Model for CCM 377 9.7 DC and Small-Signal Circuit Linear Models of
Switching Network for CCM 381 9.8 Block Diagram of Small-signal Model of
PWM DC-DC Converters 385 9.9 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM 386
9.10 PWM Small-Signal Switch Model for CCM 389 9.11 Modeling of Ideal
Switching Network for DCM 391 9.12 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM
398 9.13 Summary 400 References 402 Review Questions 405 Problems 405 10
Small-Signal Characteristics of Buck Converter for CCM 407 10.1
Introduction 407 10.2 Small-Signal Model of the PWM Buck Converter 407 10.3
Open-Loop Transfer Functions 408 10.4 Open-Loop Step Responses 426 10.5
Open-Loop DC Transfer Functions 434 10.6 Summary 436 References 436 Review
Questions 437 Problems 438 11 Small-Signal Characteristics of Boost
Converter for CCM 439 11.1 Introduction 439 11.2 DC Characteristics 439
11.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 440 11.4 Delay in
Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 449 11.5 Open-Loop Audio
Susceptibility 451 11.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance 455 11.7 Open-Loop Output
Impedance 457 11.8 Open-Loop Step Responses 461 11.9 Summary 467 References
467 Review Questions 468 Problems 468 12 Voltage-Mode Control of PWM Buck
Converter 470 12.1 Introduction 470 12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback
471 12.3 Stability 474 12.4 Single-Loop Control of PWM Buck Converter 475
12.5 Closed-Loop Small-Signal Model of Buck Converter 478 12.6 Pulse-Width
Modulator 478 12.7 Feedback Network 483 12.8 Transfer Function of Buck
Converter with Modulator and Feedback Network 486 12.9 Control Circuits 489
12.10 Closed-Loop Step Responses 511 12.11 Summary 518 References 519
Review Questions 519 Problems 520 13 Voltage-Mode Control of Boost
Converter 521 13.1 Introduction 521 13.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with
Voltage-Mode Control 521 13.3 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost
Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network 523 13.4 Integral-Double-Lead
Controller 527 13.5 Design of Integral-Double-Lead Controller 532 13.6 Loop
Gain 536 13.7 Closed-Loop Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 537
13.8 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility 539 13.9 Closed-Loop Input Impedance
539 13.10 Closed-Loop Output Impedance 542 13.11 Closed-Loop Step Responses
544 13.12 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 549 13.13 Summary 552
References 552 Review Questions 552 Problems 553 14 Current-Mode Control
554 14.1 Introduction 554 14.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters
with Peak CMC 555 14.3 Relationship Between Duty Cycle and Inductor-Current
Slopes 559 14.4 Instability of Closed-Current Loop 560 14.5 Slope
Compensation 564 14.6 Sample-and-Hold Effect on Current Loop 570 14.7
Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function in
s-Domain 580 14.8 Loop Gain of Current Loop 588 14.9 Gain-Crossover
Frequency of Inner Loop 595 14.10 Phase Margin of Inner Loop 596 14.11
Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters Without Slope Compensation 598 14.12
Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters with Slope Compensation 600 14.13 Minimum
Slope Compensation for Buck and Buck-Boost Converter 605 14.14 Minimum
Slope Compensation for Boost Converter 607 14.15 Error Voltage-to-Duty
Cycle Transfer Function 610 14.16 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Duty Cycle
Transfer Function of Current Loop 614 14.17 Alternative Representation of
Current Loop 618 14.18 Current Loop with Disturbances 618 14.19 Voltage
Loop of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 624 14.20 Feedforward
Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control without Slope
Compensation 631 14.21 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with
Current-Mode Control and Slope Compensation 634 14.22 Control-to-Output
Voltage Transfer Function of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 636 14.23
Audio-Susceptibility of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 637 14.24
Closed-Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains 638 14.25 Slope
Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current Waveform 638 14.26
Relationships for Constant-Frequency Current-Mode On-Time Control 639 14.27
Summary 639 References 640 Review Questions 644 Problems 644 14.28
Appendix: Sample-and-Hold Modeling 645 15 Current-Mode Control of Boost
Converter 653 15.1 Introduction 653 15.2 Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer
Functions 653 15.3 Open-Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current 667 15.4
Closed-Current-Loop Transfer Functions 675 15.5 Closed-Voltage-Loop
Transfer Functions 695 15.6 Closed-Loop Step Responses 706 15.7 Closed-Loop
DC Transfer Functions 710 15.8 Summary 711 References 711 Review Questions
712 Problems 712 16 Open-Loop Small-Signal Characteristics of PWM Boost
Converter for DCM 713 16.1 Introduction 713 16.2 Small-Signal Model of
Boost Converter for DCM 713 16.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer
Function 716 16.4 Open-Loop Input-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 719
16.5 Open-Loop Input Impedance 724 16.6 Open-Loop Output Impedance 725 16.7
Step Responses of Output Voltage of Boost Converter for DCM 728 16.8
Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 731 16.9
Open-Loop Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.10
Open-Loop Output Current-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.11
Step Responses of Inductor Current of Boost Converter for DCM 738 16.12 DC
Characteristics of Boost Converter for DCM 742 16.13 Summary 745 References
745 Review Questions 746 Problems 746 17 Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power
Diodes 747 17.1 Introduction 747 17.2 Electronic Power Switches 747 17.3
Atom 748 17.4 Electron and Hole Effective Mass 749 17.5 Semiconductors 750
17.6 Intrinsic Semiconductors 751 17.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors 756 17.8
Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 762 17.9 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes
764 17.10 Static I-V Diode Characteristic 768 17.11 Breakdown Voltage of
Junction Diodes 772 17.12 Capacitances of Junction Diodes 784 17.13 Reverse
Recovery of pn Junction Diodes 789 17.14 Schottky Diodes 798 17.15 Solar
Cells 806 17.16 Light-Emitting Diodes 809 17.17 SPICE Model of Diodes 810
17.18 Summary 811 References 815 Review Questions 816 Problems 817 18
Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power MOSFETs 819 18.1 Introduction 819 18.2
Integrated MOSFETs 819 18.3 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs 819 18.4
Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs 824 18.5 Derivation of Power MOSFET
Characteristics 826 18.6 Power MOSFET Characteristics 831 18.7 Mobility of
Charge Carriers 833 18.8 Short-Channel Effects 846 18.9 Aspect Ratio of
Power MOSFETs 848 18.10 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 850 18.11 Gate
Oxide Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 852 18.12 Specific On-Resistance
852 18.13 Figures-of-Merit of Semiconductors 855 18.14 On-Resistance of
Power MOSFETs 857 18.15 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs 862 18.16 Switching
Waveforms 875 18.17 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 877 18.18 IGBTs 879 18.19
Heat Sinks 880 18.20 Summary 886 References 888 Review Questions 888
Problems 889 19 Electromagnetic Compatibility 891 19.1 Introduction 891
19.2 Definition of EMI 891 19.3 Definition of EMC 892 19.4 EMI Immunity 892
19.5 EMI Susceptibility 893 19.6 Classification of EMI 893 19.7 Sources of
EMI 895 19.8 Safety Standards 896 19.9 EMC Standards 896 19.10 Near Field
and Far Field 897 19.11 Techniques of EMI Reduction 897 19.12 Insertion
Loss 898 19.13 EMI Filters 898 19.14 Feed-Through Capacitors 900 19.15 EMI
Shielding 900 19.16 Interconnections 902 19.17 Summary 903 References 903
Review Questions 903 Problem 904 A Introduction to SPICE 907 B Introduction
to MATLAB® 910 C Physical Constants 915 Answers to Problems 917 Index 925
Classification of Power Supplies 1 1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage
Regulators 3 1.3 Power Relationships in DC-DC Converters 4 1.4 DC Transfer
Functions of DC-DC Converters 5 1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage
Regulators 6 1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 9 1.7
Linear Voltage Regulators 12 1.8 Topologies of PWM DC-DC Converters 16 1.9
Relationships Among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power 18 1.10 Summary 19
References 19 Review Questions 20 Problems 21 2 Buck PWM DC-DC Converter 22
2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM 22 2.3 DC
Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM 52 2.4 Buck Converter with Input
Filter 68 2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 68 2.6 Buck
Converter with Positive Common Rail 76 2.7 Quadratic Buck Converter 76 2.8
Tapped-Inductor Buck Converters 79 2.9 Multiphase Buck Converter 83 2.10
Switched-Inductor Buck Converter 85 2.11 Layout 85 2.12 Summary 85
References 87 Review Questions 88 Problems 88 3 Boost PWM DC-DC Converter
90 3.1 Introduction 90 3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM 90
3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 107 3.4 Bidirectional Buck
and Boost Converters 127 3.5 Synchronous Boost Converter 129 3.6
Tapped-Inductor Boost Converters 129 3.7 Duality 133 3.8 Power Factor
Correction 134 3.9 Summary 141 References 142 Review Questions 143 Problems
143 4 Buck-Boost PWM DC-DC Converter 145 4.1 Introduction 145 4.2 DC
Analysis of PWM Buck-Boost Converter for CCM 145 4.3 DC Analysis of PWM
Buck-Boost Converter for DCM 162 4.4 Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter 180
4.5 Synthesis of Buck-Boost Converter 181 4.6 Synthesis of Boost-Buck (C¿
uk) Converter 183 4.7 Noninverting Buck-Boost Converters 184 4.8
Tapped-Inductor Buck-Boost Converters 186 4.9 Summary 192 References 192
Review Questions 193 Problems 193 5 Flyback PWM DC-DC Converter 195 5.1
Introduction 195 5.2 Transformers 196 5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback
Converter for CCM 197 5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM 214
5.5 Multiple-Output Flyback Converter 232 5.6 Bidirectional Flyback
Converter 237 5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter 237 5.8 Flyback Converter
with Passive Dissipative Snubber 240 5.9 Flyback Converter with Zener Diode
Voltage Clamp 240 5.10 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping 241 5.11
Two-Transistor Flyback Converter 241 5.12 Summary 243 References 244 Review
Questions 244 Problems 245 6 Forward PWM DC-DC Converter 246 6.1
Introduction 246 6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM 246 6.3
DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM 269 6.4 Multiple-Output
Forward Converter 288 6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 288
6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping 288 6.7 Two-Switch Forward
Converter 290 6.8 Forward-Flyback Converter 291 6.9 Summary 292 References
293 Review Questions 293 Problems 294 7 Half-Bridge PWM DC-DC Converter 296
7.1 Introduction 296 7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for CCM
296 7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for DCM 315 7.4 Summary
326 References 327 Review Questions 327 Problems 328 8 Full-Bridge PWM
DC-DC Converter 330 8.1 Introduction 330 8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge
Converter for CCM 330 8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for DCM
351 8.4 Phase-Controlled Full-Bridge Converter 361 8.5 Summary 362
References 362 Review Questions 362 Problems 363 9 Small-Signal Models of
PWM Converters for CCM and DCM 365 9.1 Introduction 365 9.2 Assumptions 366
9.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM 366 9.4 Averaged
Values of Switched Resistances 369 9.5 Model Reduction 375 9.6 Large-Signal
Averaged Model for CCM 377 9.7 DC and Small-Signal Circuit Linear Models of
Switching Network for CCM 381 9.8 Block Diagram of Small-signal Model of
PWM DC-DC Converters 385 9.9 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM 386
9.10 PWM Small-Signal Switch Model for CCM 389 9.11 Modeling of Ideal
Switching Network for DCM 391 9.12 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM
398 9.13 Summary 400 References 402 Review Questions 405 Problems 405 10
Small-Signal Characteristics of Buck Converter for CCM 407 10.1
Introduction 407 10.2 Small-Signal Model of the PWM Buck Converter 407 10.3
Open-Loop Transfer Functions 408 10.4 Open-Loop Step Responses 426 10.5
Open-Loop DC Transfer Functions 434 10.6 Summary 436 References 436 Review
Questions 437 Problems 438 11 Small-Signal Characteristics of Boost
Converter for CCM 439 11.1 Introduction 439 11.2 DC Characteristics 439
11.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 440 11.4 Delay in
Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 449 11.5 Open-Loop Audio
Susceptibility 451 11.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance 455 11.7 Open-Loop Output
Impedance 457 11.8 Open-Loop Step Responses 461 11.9 Summary 467 References
467 Review Questions 468 Problems 468 12 Voltage-Mode Control of PWM Buck
Converter 470 12.1 Introduction 470 12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback
471 12.3 Stability 474 12.4 Single-Loop Control of PWM Buck Converter 475
12.5 Closed-Loop Small-Signal Model of Buck Converter 478 12.6 Pulse-Width
Modulator 478 12.7 Feedback Network 483 12.8 Transfer Function of Buck
Converter with Modulator and Feedback Network 486 12.9 Control Circuits 489
12.10 Closed-Loop Step Responses 511 12.11 Summary 518 References 519
Review Questions 519 Problems 520 13 Voltage-Mode Control of Boost
Converter 521 13.1 Introduction 521 13.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with
Voltage-Mode Control 521 13.3 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost
Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network 523 13.4 Integral-Double-Lead
Controller 527 13.5 Design of Integral-Double-Lead Controller 532 13.6 Loop
Gain 536 13.7 Closed-Loop Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 537
13.8 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility 539 13.9 Closed-Loop Input Impedance
539 13.10 Closed-Loop Output Impedance 542 13.11 Closed-Loop Step Responses
544 13.12 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 549 13.13 Summary 552
References 552 Review Questions 552 Problems 553 14 Current-Mode Control
554 14.1 Introduction 554 14.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters
with Peak CMC 555 14.3 Relationship Between Duty Cycle and Inductor-Current
Slopes 559 14.4 Instability of Closed-Current Loop 560 14.5 Slope
Compensation 564 14.6 Sample-and-Hold Effect on Current Loop 570 14.7
Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function in
s-Domain 580 14.8 Loop Gain of Current Loop 588 14.9 Gain-Crossover
Frequency of Inner Loop 595 14.10 Phase Margin of Inner Loop 596 14.11
Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters Without Slope Compensation 598 14.12
Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters with Slope Compensation 600 14.13 Minimum
Slope Compensation for Buck and Buck-Boost Converter 605 14.14 Minimum
Slope Compensation for Boost Converter 607 14.15 Error Voltage-to-Duty
Cycle Transfer Function 610 14.16 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Duty Cycle
Transfer Function of Current Loop 614 14.17 Alternative Representation of
Current Loop 618 14.18 Current Loop with Disturbances 618 14.19 Voltage
Loop of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 624 14.20 Feedforward
Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control without Slope
Compensation 631 14.21 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with
Current-Mode Control and Slope Compensation 634 14.22 Control-to-Output
Voltage Transfer Function of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 636 14.23
Audio-Susceptibility of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 637 14.24
Closed-Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains 638 14.25 Slope
Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current Waveform 638 14.26
Relationships for Constant-Frequency Current-Mode On-Time Control 639 14.27
Summary 639 References 640 Review Questions 644 Problems 644 14.28
Appendix: Sample-and-Hold Modeling 645 15 Current-Mode Control of Boost
Converter 653 15.1 Introduction 653 15.2 Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer
Functions 653 15.3 Open-Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current 667 15.4
Closed-Current-Loop Transfer Functions 675 15.5 Closed-Voltage-Loop
Transfer Functions 695 15.6 Closed-Loop Step Responses 706 15.7 Closed-Loop
DC Transfer Functions 710 15.8 Summary 711 References 711 Review Questions
712 Problems 712 16 Open-Loop Small-Signal Characteristics of PWM Boost
Converter for DCM 713 16.1 Introduction 713 16.2 Small-Signal Model of
Boost Converter for DCM 713 16.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer
Function 716 16.4 Open-Loop Input-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 719
16.5 Open-Loop Input Impedance 724 16.6 Open-Loop Output Impedance 725 16.7
Step Responses of Output Voltage of Boost Converter for DCM 728 16.8
Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 731 16.9
Open-Loop Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.10
Open-Loop Output Current-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.11
Step Responses of Inductor Current of Boost Converter for DCM 738 16.12 DC
Characteristics of Boost Converter for DCM 742 16.13 Summary 745 References
745 Review Questions 746 Problems 746 17 Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power
Diodes 747 17.1 Introduction 747 17.2 Electronic Power Switches 747 17.3
Atom 748 17.4 Electron and Hole Effective Mass 749 17.5 Semiconductors 750
17.6 Intrinsic Semiconductors 751 17.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors 756 17.8
Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 762 17.9 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes
764 17.10 Static I-V Diode Characteristic 768 17.11 Breakdown Voltage of
Junction Diodes 772 17.12 Capacitances of Junction Diodes 784 17.13 Reverse
Recovery of pn Junction Diodes 789 17.14 Schottky Diodes 798 17.15 Solar
Cells 806 17.16 Light-Emitting Diodes 809 17.17 SPICE Model of Diodes 810
17.18 Summary 811 References 815 Review Questions 816 Problems 817 18
Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power MOSFETs 819 18.1 Introduction 819 18.2
Integrated MOSFETs 819 18.3 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs 819 18.4
Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs 824 18.5 Derivation of Power MOSFET
Characteristics 826 18.6 Power MOSFET Characteristics 831 18.7 Mobility of
Charge Carriers 833 18.8 Short-Channel Effects 846 18.9 Aspect Ratio of
Power MOSFETs 848 18.10 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 850 18.11 Gate
Oxide Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 852 18.12 Specific On-Resistance
852 18.13 Figures-of-Merit of Semiconductors 855 18.14 On-Resistance of
Power MOSFETs 857 18.15 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs 862 18.16 Switching
Waveforms 875 18.17 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 877 18.18 IGBTs 879 18.19
Heat Sinks 880 18.20 Summary 886 References 888 Review Questions 888
Problems 889 19 Electromagnetic Compatibility 891 19.1 Introduction 891
19.2 Definition of EMI 891 19.3 Definition of EMC 892 19.4 EMI Immunity 892
19.5 EMI Susceptibility 893 19.6 Classification of EMI 893 19.7 Sources of
EMI 895 19.8 Safety Standards 896 19.9 EMC Standards 896 19.10 Near Field
and Far Field 897 19.11 Techniques of EMI Reduction 897 19.12 Insertion
Loss 898 19.13 EMI Filters 898 19.14 Feed-Through Capacitors 900 19.15 EMI
Shielding 900 19.16 Interconnections 902 19.17 Summary 903 References 903
Review Questions 903 Problem 904 A Introduction to SPICE 907 B Introduction
to MATLAB® 910 C Physical Constants 915 Answers to Problems 917 Index 925