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"This textbook, Radiation Oncology in Palliative Cancer Care , represents the full evolution of radiation therapy, and of oncology in general. ( ... ) [It] is an acknowledgment that palliative radiotherapy is now a sub-specialty of radiation oncology. This formally makes palliative radiotherapy a priority within patient care, academic research, quality assurance, and medical education." - From the Foreword by Nora Janjan, MD, MPSA, MBA, National Center for Policy Analysis, Dallas, TX, USA Palliative Medicine is the professional medical practice of prevention and relief of suffering and the…mehr
"This textbook,Radiation Oncology in Palliative Cancer Care, represents the full evolution of radiation therapy, and of oncology in general. ( ... ) [It] is an acknowledgment that palliative radiotherapy is now a sub-specialty of radiation oncology. This formally makes palliative radiotherapy a priority within patient care, academic research, quality assurance, and medical education." - From the Foreword by Nora Janjan, MD, MPSA, MBA, National Center for Policy Analysis, Dallas, TX, USA
Palliative Medicine is the professional medical practice of prevention and relief of suffering and the support of the best possible quality of life for patients and their families, regardless of the stage of the disease or the need for other therapies. The most common cause for palliative care referral is terminal cancer, and a large proportion of those referrals include patients who will need palliative radiotherapy during the course of their disease. Still, there are barriers to coordinated care between radiation oncologists and palliative care physicians that differ from one country to another. Until now, one overarching limitation to appropriate concurrent care between the specialties across all countries has been the lack of a comprehensive yet concise reference resource that educates each of the specialties about the potential synergistic effects of their cooperation. This book fills that void.
Radiation Oncology in Palliative Cancer Care:
Is the first book-length treatment of this important topic available on the market
Is authored by world-renowned experts in radiation oncology and palliative medicine
Uses a multidisciplinary approach to content and patient treatment
Features decision trees for palliative radiotherapy based upon factors such as patient performance status and prognosis
Pays careful attention to current best practices and controversies in the delivery of end-of-life cancer care
This book is an important resource for practicing radiation oncologists and radiation oncologists in training, as well as hospice and palliative medicine physicians and nurses, medical oncologists, and geriatricians.
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Autorenporträt
Stephen Lutz is one of only a small number of Radiation Oncologists who is also board certified in Hospice and Palliative Medicine.?He has served as the liaison between the US radiotherapy and palliative care communities for the past several years. His main research interests have included the formation of palliative radiotherapy treatment guidelines as well as the collaboration between the two specialties with regard to research, education, and patient advocacy. Edward Chow is a Professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of Toronto?and is a senior scientist in the Sunnybrook Research Institute. He is Chair of the Rapid Response Radiotherapy Program and Bone Metastases Site Group in the Odette Cancer Center at?Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. Peter Hoskin is a UK clinical oncologist with long standing research interests in palliative radiotherapy, in particular the management of bone metastases and spinal cord compression. He was a clinical research fellow in Palliative Medicine working in opioid pharmacology before focusing his interests in clinical oncology and was Chair of the International Consensus in Palliative Radiotherapy in 2000 and ESTRO Co-chair in 2010. He has written extensively on the role of radiotherapy in palliative care in original publications and major book chapters.
Inhaltsangabe
Contributor list xv Foreword xix Part 1: General principles of radiation oncology 1 1 A brief history of palliative radiation oncology 3 Joshua Jones Introduction 3 The early years 3 Fractionation 6 Advances in radiotherapy technique: the 1950s and 1960s 7 Fractionation revisited: explicit palliation 10 Stereotactic radiotherapy 11 Prognostication and tailoring palliative radiotherapy to anticipated survival 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 2 The radiobiology of palliative radiation oncology 15 Candice A. Johnstone Introduction 15 Radiation effect on cells 15 Cell cycle characteristics 18 Interaction of cell cycle and radiotherapy fractionation 18 Radiotherapy fractionation characteristics 19 Conclusion 20 References 20 3 The physics of radiation oncology 22 Shaun Baggarley Jiade J. Lu Introduction 22 The development of radiation therapy technology 24 Process of radiation therapy 27 Special considerations in developing countries 28 Conclusion 29 References 29 4 Curative intent versus palliative intent radiation oncology 31 Vassilios Vassiliou Haris Charalambous Introduction 31 The determination of cure plus palliation intent versus pure palliative intent 33 Clinical diagnoses 35 Special considerations in developing countries 38 Conclusion 39 References 39 5 Side effects of palliative radiotherapy 43 Alysa Fairchild Introduction 43 Issues with interpreting palliative radiotherapy toxicity data 44 Acute side effects 45 Late side effects 50 Additive toxicity 53 Clinical advice 53 New technologies 55 Challenges in developing countries 55 Conclusion 56 References 56 Part 2: General principles of palliation and symptom control 61 6 A history of hospice and palliative medicine 63 Michelle Winslow Marcia Meldrum Introduction 63 Before the modern movement 63 St. Christopher's and the modern hospice 64 Palliative care in the United States 66 Global development of hospice and palliative care 68 Continuing challenges 69 References 69 7 Radiation therapy and hospice care 72 Charles F. von Gunten Frank D. Ferris and Arno J. Mundt Introduction 72 Hospice care around the world 72 Hospice care in the United States 73 Palliative radiation and hospice 77 Conclusion 79 References 79 8 The current status of palliative care and radiotherapy 81 Thomas Smith Susannah Batko-Yovino What is palliative care? 81 Who can benefit from palliative care? 81 What are the goals of palliative care and what features of a palliative care program help to accomplish these goals? 83 What is the evidence regarding the benefi ts and risks of palliative care? When should palliative care be introduced to a patient? 84 Are there standards for palliative care? If so what are the defining measures? 88 How does palliative care fi t in with radiation oncology? 90 References 92 9 Palliative care in low and middle income countries: A focus on sub-Saharan Africa 95 Henry Ddungu Elizabeth A. Barnes Introduction 95 The need for palliative care 95 Radiotherapy 96 Specific clinical indications for palliative radiotherapy in Africa 97 Challenges of palliative care delivery 98 Addressing challenges to adequate palliative care 98 Palliative care research 100 Delivery of palliative care 101 Conclusion 102 References 102 10 Pain management 105 Erin McMenamin Introduction 105 Pain assessment 105 Analgesia ladder 106 Primary pharmacologic interventions 107 Adjuvant medications 108 End-of-life considerations 109 Conclusion 109 References 110 Part 3: Locally advanced or locally recurrent diseases 113 11 Primary tumors of the central nervous system 115 Caroline Chung Eric L. Chang Introduction 115 Radiotherapy 116 Side-effect risks 120 Radiotherapy limitations 120 Adjuvant treatment modalities 121 Promise of newer technologies 121 Special considerations in developing countries 122 Conclusion 122 References 122 12 The role of palliative care in head and neck cancer 126 Albert Tiong June Corry Introduction 126 Current management of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas 126 Patient selection for palliative treatment 127 Use of palliative radiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas 130 Recurrent disease 134 The promise of emerging technologies 135 Chemotherapy in palliative head and neck squamous cell carcinomas 135 Non-squamous cell carcinomas histologies 136 Specific issues in palliation of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas 137 Special considerations in developing countries 138 Conclusion 138 References 139 13 The role of palliative radiotherapy in breast cancer 145 Ian H. Kunkler Introduction 145 Rates of palliative loco-regional radiotherapy 148 Biologic considerations 148 Definitions clinical features and multi-disciplinary approach 148 Clinical scenarios 150 Symptom control 153 Palliative loco-regional radiotherapy for oligometastatic disease 154 Radiotherapy dosing schedules 154 Radiotherapy technique and the promise of newer technology 156 Special considerations in developing countries 158 Follow up 158 Conclusion 159 References 159 14 Palliative radiotherapy in advanced lung cancer 163 George Rodrigues Benjamin Movsas Introduction 163 Radiotherapy treatment 165 The impact of emerging technologies 169 Important circumstances 171 Special considerations in developing countries 173 Conclusion 173 References 174 15 Palliative radiotherapy for gastrointestinal and colorectal cancer 177 Robert Glynne-Jones Mark Harrison Introduction 177 Treatment of dysphagia 178 Gastric cancer 180 Palliation of biliary obstruction 181 Nodes at origin of the superior mesenteric artery 181 High dose rate brachytherapy 182 Locally advanced/recurrent rectal cancer 182 Re-irradiation 184 Anal cancer 184 The promise of highly conformal therapy 184 Special considerations in developing countries 184 Conclusion 185 References 185 16 Genitourinary malignancies 188 Gillian M. Duchesne Introduction 188 Incidence and etiology 188 Clinical behavior 190 Bladder cancer 190 Prostate cancer 190 Renal cancer 190 Palliative radiotherapy and other approaches for management of primary disease 192 Specific management of metastatic disease in urologic malignancies 194 The promise of highly conformal therapy 196 Special considerations in developing countries 197 Conclusion 197 References 197 17 Palliative radiotherapy in locally advanced and locally recurrent gynecologic cancer 199 Firuza Patel Introduction 199 Patterns of loco-regional failures for gynecologic cancers 200 Management 201 Treatment of recurrent carcinoma of the cervix 206 Recurrence after defi nitive radiation 206 Recurrence after defi nitive surgery 207 The promise of newer technologies 207 Special considerations in developing countries 207 Conclusion 208 References 209 18 Hematologic malignancies and associated conditions 210 David D. Howell Introduction 210 Diagnoses 210 Specific clinical circumstances 213 Locally advanced and recurrent disease 216 Future directions 216 Special considerations in developing countries 217 Conclusion 217 References 217 19 Pediatric palliative radiation oncology 220 Tamara Vern-Gross Introduction 220 Delivery of radiation treatment 221 Differences between pediatric and adult populations 222 Background 222 Clinical indications for palliative radiotherapy 224 Caring for the pediatric patient 232 Barriers to the use of palliative radiotherapy 233 Special considerations in developing countries 233 Conclusion 234 References 234 Part 4: Metastatic disease 239 20 Bone metastases 241 Yvette van der Linden Dirk Rades Introduction 241 Clinical implications and treatment modalities 241 Clinical symptoms 242 Technical considerations 250 Prognosis and choice for treatment 250 Proactive approach 251 Special considerations in developing countries 251 Conclusion 251 References 253 21 Spinal cord compression 257 Ernesto Maranzano Fabio Trippa Introduction 257 Treatment 259 Promise of newer technologies 264 Re-irradiation 265 Special considerations in developing countries 265 Conclusion 266 References 267 22 Brain metastases 270 May Tsao Introduction 270 Radiotherapy treatment 271 Radiotherapy limitations 277 Promise of newer technologies and areas of ongoing research 277 International patterns of care and special considerations in developing countries 278 Conclusion 278 References 279 23 Liver metastases 283 Sean Bydder Introduction 283 Radiotherapy treatment 284 Whole-liver radiation therapy 286 Conformal radiation therapy 288 Brachytherapy 289 Selective internal radiation therapy 289 Surgery for liver metastases 290 Radiofrequency ablation 290 Promising new radiotherapy techniques 290 Practice variation among different countries 293 Conclusion 294 Acknowledgments 294 References 294 24 Palliative radiotherapy for malignant neuropathic pain adrenal choroidal and skin metastases 299 Daniel E. Roos Aaron H. Wolfson Malignant neuropathic pain 299 Adrenal metastases 302 Choroidal metastases 308 Skin metastases (A.H. Wolfson) 312 Conclusion 314 References 314 Part 5: Integration of radiation oncology and palliative care 317 25 Design challenges in palliative radiation oncology clinical trials 319 Deborah Watkins Bruner Lawrence B. Berk Introduction 319 Challenges with the validation of palliative metrics 319 Evolution of palliative care clinical trials: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group experience 320 International research efforts 325 Conclusion 326 References 326 26 Radiation oncology cost-effectiveness 329 Andre Konski Introduction 329 Cost-effectiveness 330 Newer technologies 332 Conclusion 333 References 333 27 Quality measures and palliative radiotherapy 335 James A. Hayman Rinaa S. Punglia and Anushree M. Vichare Introduction 335 Quality measures: characteristics 336 Developing quality measures 338 Desirable attributes of quality measures 340 Uses of quality measures 340 Current uses of quality measures in radiation oncology 341 International quality measures in radiation oncology 342 Conclusion 343 References 344 28 Use of technologically advanced radiation oncology techniques for palliative patients 347 Simon S. Lo Bin S. Teh Samuel T. Chao Arjun Sahgal Nina A. Mayr and Eric L. Chang Introduction 347 Overview of technologically advanced radiotherapy techniques 347 Clinical applications reported in the literature 349 Brain metastasis 349 Stereotactic radiosurgery 349 Scalp-sparing whole brain radiation therapy 351 Hippocampus-sparing whole brain radiation therapy 351 Stereotactic radiation therapy 351 Spinal metastasis 352 Spinal cord compression 352 Bone metastasis 355 Adrenal metastasis 355 Toxicities associated with palliative radiotherapy using advanced technologies 356 Conclusion 357 References 357 Index 361
Contributor list xv Foreword xix Part 1: General principles of radiation oncology 1 1 A brief history of palliative radiation oncology 3 Joshua Jones Introduction 3 The early years 3 Fractionation 6 Advances in radiotherapy technique: the 1950s and 1960s 7 Fractionation revisited: explicit palliation 10 Stereotactic radiotherapy 11 Prognostication and tailoring palliative radiotherapy to anticipated survival 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 2 The radiobiology of palliative radiation oncology 15 Candice A. Johnstone Introduction 15 Radiation effect on cells 15 Cell cycle characteristics 18 Interaction of cell cycle and radiotherapy fractionation 18 Radiotherapy fractionation characteristics 19 Conclusion 20 References 20 3 The physics of radiation oncology 22 Shaun Baggarley Jiade J. Lu Introduction 22 The development of radiation therapy technology 24 Process of radiation therapy 27 Special considerations in developing countries 28 Conclusion 29 References 29 4 Curative intent versus palliative intent radiation oncology 31 Vassilios Vassiliou Haris Charalambous Introduction 31 The determination of cure plus palliation intent versus pure palliative intent 33 Clinical diagnoses 35 Special considerations in developing countries 38 Conclusion 39 References 39 5 Side effects of palliative radiotherapy 43 Alysa Fairchild Introduction 43 Issues with interpreting palliative radiotherapy toxicity data 44 Acute side effects 45 Late side effects 50 Additive toxicity 53 Clinical advice 53 New technologies 55 Challenges in developing countries 55 Conclusion 56 References 56 Part 2: General principles of palliation and symptom control 61 6 A history of hospice and palliative medicine 63 Michelle Winslow Marcia Meldrum Introduction 63 Before the modern movement 63 St. Christopher's and the modern hospice 64 Palliative care in the United States 66 Global development of hospice and palliative care 68 Continuing challenges 69 References 69 7 Radiation therapy and hospice care 72 Charles F. von Gunten Frank D. Ferris and Arno J. Mundt Introduction 72 Hospice care around the world 72 Hospice care in the United States 73 Palliative radiation and hospice 77 Conclusion 79 References 79 8 The current status of palliative care and radiotherapy 81 Thomas Smith Susannah Batko-Yovino What is palliative care? 81 Who can benefit from palliative care? 81 What are the goals of palliative care and what features of a palliative care program help to accomplish these goals? 83 What is the evidence regarding the benefi ts and risks of palliative care? When should palliative care be introduced to a patient? 84 Are there standards for palliative care? If so what are the defining measures? 88 How does palliative care fi t in with radiation oncology? 90 References 92 9 Palliative care in low and middle income countries: A focus on sub-Saharan Africa 95 Henry Ddungu Elizabeth A. Barnes Introduction 95 The need for palliative care 95 Radiotherapy 96 Specific clinical indications for palliative radiotherapy in Africa 97 Challenges of palliative care delivery 98 Addressing challenges to adequate palliative care 98 Palliative care research 100 Delivery of palliative care 101 Conclusion 102 References 102 10 Pain management 105 Erin McMenamin Introduction 105 Pain assessment 105 Analgesia ladder 106 Primary pharmacologic interventions 107 Adjuvant medications 108 End-of-life considerations 109 Conclusion 109 References 110 Part 3: Locally advanced or locally recurrent diseases 113 11 Primary tumors of the central nervous system 115 Caroline Chung Eric L. Chang Introduction 115 Radiotherapy 116 Side-effect risks 120 Radiotherapy limitations 120 Adjuvant treatment modalities 121 Promise of newer technologies 121 Special considerations in developing countries 122 Conclusion 122 References 122 12 The role of palliative care in head and neck cancer 126 Albert Tiong June Corry Introduction 126 Current management of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas 126 Patient selection for palliative treatment 127 Use of palliative radiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas 130 Recurrent disease 134 The promise of emerging technologies 135 Chemotherapy in palliative head and neck squamous cell carcinomas 135 Non-squamous cell carcinomas histologies 136 Specific issues in palliation of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas 137 Special considerations in developing countries 138 Conclusion 138 References 139 13 The role of palliative radiotherapy in breast cancer 145 Ian H. Kunkler Introduction 145 Rates of palliative loco-regional radiotherapy 148 Biologic considerations 148 Definitions clinical features and multi-disciplinary approach 148 Clinical scenarios 150 Symptom control 153 Palliative loco-regional radiotherapy for oligometastatic disease 154 Radiotherapy dosing schedules 154 Radiotherapy technique and the promise of newer technology 156 Special considerations in developing countries 158 Follow up 158 Conclusion 159 References 159 14 Palliative radiotherapy in advanced lung cancer 163 George Rodrigues Benjamin Movsas Introduction 163 Radiotherapy treatment 165 The impact of emerging technologies 169 Important circumstances 171 Special considerations in developing countries 173 Conclusion 173 References 174 15 Palliative radiotherapy for gastrointestinal and colorectal cancer 177 Robert Glynne-Jones Mark Harrison Introduction 177 Treatment of dysphagia 178 Gastric cancer 180 Palliation of biliary obstruction 181 Nodes at origin of the superior mesenteric artery 181 High dose rate brachytherapy 182 Locally advanced/recurrent rectal cancer 182 Re-irradiation 184 Anal cancer 184 The promise of highly conformal therapy 184 Special considerations in developing countries 184 Conclusion 185 References 185 16 Genitourinary malignancies 188 Gillian M. Duchesne Introduction 188 Incidence and etiology 188 Clinical behavior 190 Bladder cancer 190 Prostate cancer 190 Renal cancer 190 Palliative radiotherapy and other approaches for management of primary disease 192 Specific management of metastatic disease in urologic malignancies 194 The promise of highly conformal therapy 196 Special considerations in developing countries 197 Conclusion 197 References 197 17 Palliative radiotherapy in locally advanced and locally recurrent gynecologic cancer 199 Firuza Patel Introduction 199 Patterns of loco-regional failures for gynecologic cancers 200 Management 201 Treatment of recurrent carcinoma of the cervix 206 Recurrence after defi nitive radiation 206 Recurrence after defi nitive surgery 207 The promise of newer technologies 207 Special considerations in developing countries 207 Conclusion 208 References 209 18 Hematologic malignancies and associated conditions 210 David D. Howell Introduction 210 Diagnoses 210 Specific clinical circumstances 213 Locally advanced and recurrent disease 216 Future directions 216 Special considerations in developing countries 217 Conclusion 217 References 217 19 Pediatric palliative radiation oncology 220 Tamara Vern-Gross Introduction 220 Delivery of radiation treatment 221 Differences between pediatric and adult populations 222 Background 222 Clinical indications for palliative radiotherapy 224 Caring for the pediatric patient 232 Barriers to the use of palliative radiotherapy 233 Special considerations in developing countries 233 Conclusion 234 References 234 Part 4: Metastatic disease 239 20 Bone metastases 241 Yvette van der Linden Dirk Rades Introduction 241 Clinical implications and treatment modalities 241 Clinical symptoms 242 Technical considerations 250 Prognosis and choice for treatment 250 Proactive approach 251 Special considerations in developing countries 251 Conclusion 251 References 253 21 Spinal cord compression 257 Ernesto Maranzano Fabio Trippa Introduction 257 Treatment 259 Promise of newer technologies 264 Re-irradiation 265 Special considerations in developing countries 265 Conclusion 266 References 267 22 Brain metastases 270 May Tsao Introduction 270 Radiotherapy treatment 271 Radiotherapy limitations 277 Promise of newer technologies and areas of ongoing research 277 International patterns of care and special considerations in developing countries 278 Conclusion 278 References 279 23 Liver metastases 283 Sean Bydder Introduction 283 Radiotherapy treatment 284 Whole-liver radiation therapy 286 Conformal radiation therapy 288 Brachytherapy 289 Selective internal radiation therapy 289 Surgery for liver metastases 290 Radiofrequency ablation 290 Promising new radiotherapy techniques 290 Practice variation among different countries 293 Conclusion 294 Acknowledgments 294 References 294 24 Palliative radiotherapy for malignant neuropathic pain adrenal choroidal and skin metastases 299 Daniel E. Roos Aaron H. Wolfson Malignant neuropathic pain 299 Adrenal metastases 302 Choroidal metastases 308 Skin metastases (A.H. Wolfson) 312 Conclusion 314 References 314 Part 5: Integration of radiation oncology and palliative care 317 25 Design challenges in palliative radiation oncology clinical trials 319 Deborah Watkins Bruner Lawrence B. Berk Introduction 319 Challenges with the validation of palliative metrics 319 Evolution of palliative care clinical trials: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group experience 320 International research efforts 325 Conclusion 326 References 326 26 Radiation oncology cost-effectiveness 329 Andre Konski Introduction 329 Cost-effectiveness 330 Newer technologies 332 Conclusion 333 References 333 27 Quality measures and palliative radiotherapy 335 James A. Hayman Rinaa S. Punglia and Anushree M. Vichare Introduction 335 Quality measures: characteristics 336 Developing quality measures 338 Desirable attributes of quality measures 340 Uses of quality measures 340 Current uses of quality measures in radiation oncology 341 International quality measures in radiation oncology 342 Conclusion 343 References 344 28 Use of technologically advanced radiation oncology techniques for palliative patients 347 Simon S. Lo Bin S. Teh Samuel T. Chao Arjun Sahgal Nina A. Mayr and Eric L. Chang Introduction 347 Overview of technologically advanced radiotherapy techniques 347 Clinical applications reported in the literature 349 Brain metastasis 349 Stereotactic radiosurgery 349 Scalp-sparing whole brain radiation therapy 351 Hippocampus-sparing whole brain radiation therapy 351 Stereotactic radiation therapy 351 Spinal metastasis 352 Spinal cord compression 352 Bone metastasis 355 Adrenal metastasis 355 Toxicities associated with palliative radiotherapy using advanced technologies 356 Conclusion 357 References 357 Index 361
Rezensionen
"This is an excellent book that addresses a crucial aspectof radiotherapy in a way that I have not seen before. It is conciseand easy to digest, but also packed with information that will helpguide healthcare professionals in their practice. It would beuseful for palliative care clinicians and medical oncologists, butis of particular use as a reference text to radiation oncologistsand their trainees." (European Journal of PalliativeCare, 21 April 2014)
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