Reducing, Refining and Replacing the Use of Animals in Toxicity Testing (eBook, PDF)

Redaktion: Allen, Dave; Waters, Mike D

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Toxicity testing is used to assess the safety or hazards presented by substances such as industrial chemicals, consumer products, and pharmaceuticals. At present, many methods involve laboratory animals. Alternative procedures, some involving human cell-based technologies, are now being developed which reduce, refine, or replace animal usage and minimize the pain and distress caused. These new tests must protect public health and the environment at least as well as currently accepted methods. This book describes the ever-expanding "toolbox" of methods available to assess toxicity. Such techniques often result from our growing understanding of the biochemical and cellular pathways that mediate toxicity mechanisms. This permits evaluations of information generated from several sources to generate a "weight of evidence". By combining in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo methods with technologies that rely on biochemical- and cell-based in vitro assays, toxicologists are developing mechanistically based alternatives to live animal experimentation. This text also explores the complexities associated with adequate validation, and the assessment of test reliability and relevance. It provides an essential reference source for postgraduates, academics and industrialists working in this rapidly changing area.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: RSC
• Seitenzahl: 362
• Erscheinungstermin: 31. Oktober 2013
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781849737920
• Artikelnr.: 44769227

Autorenporträt

David G. Allen has over 10 years experience in molecular and cellular biology. This includes the evaluation of toxicological and pharmacological data for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the identification and validation of alternative toxicological assays that reduce or replace animal usage in regulatory safety testing. He received is BSc and PhD from North Carolina State University in Raleigh, and his MSc from the University of North Carolina in Wilmington. Dr Allen is currently Director of the Environmental and Regulatory Sciences Division of Integrated Laboratory Systems in North Carolina. This involves responsibility for the evaluation of alternative toxicological methods and comprehensive environmental services for the Environmental Protection Agency and the State of Georgia. The role includes all aspects of divisional management such as staffing, budget projections, and business development.

Inhaltsangabe

Introduction
The 3R's in Toxicity Testing - From Russell and Birch to 21st Century Toxicology
Regulatory Safety Testing - National and International Requirements
Efforts Towards International Harmonization of Acceptable Alternatives
Refinement Alternatives - Minimizing Pain and Distress in In Vivo Toxicity Testing
In Vitro Toxicity Testing - The Basics
Using Stem Cells in Toxicity Testing
Using Computers Instead of Cells - In Silico Approaches to Toxicity Testing
Acute Safety Testing
Acute Systemic Toxicity - Oral, Dermal, and Inhalation Exposures
Dermal Corrosivity and Irritation Testing
Ocular Corrosivity and Irritation Testing
Skin Sensitization Testing
Integrated Approaches to Acute Safety Testing
Endocrine Disruptors
In Vitro Receptor Binding Assays
In Vitro Receptor Transactivation Assays
Non-mamalian Approaches to Identifying Endocrine Active Substances
Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity Testing
Carcinogenicity - Genetic Toxicity Testing and Beyond
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Testing
Immunotoxicity Testing
Application of New Technologies
High Throughput Approaches to Toxicity Testing
Nanotechnology - New Challenges in Toxicity Testing