The field of social history emerged as a response to the dominance of political and military narratives, emphasizing instead the lived experiences of people across different strata of society. In the case of the Ancient Near East, the study of social structuresfamilial arrangements, labor systems, legal frameworks, and religious institutionsrelies heavily on a corpus of material and textual evidence. Excavated artifacts, temple inscriptions, legal codices, administrative tablets, and monumental architecture provide critical insights into the social fabric of early societies. Among these sources, the cuneiform tablets from cities such as Uruk, Lagash, and Babylon are particularly indispensable. These records, inscribed in the wedge-shaped script that developed around 3200 BCE, encompass everything from royal decrees to merchant contracts, revealing the diverse range of social and economic activities that sustained ancient life.
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