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Outer space is subject to a legal framework; there is a set of rules specifically dedicated to outer space and to the activities carried out there. These rules have developed since 1957, the year the first artificial satellite was launched. Major changes have also affected the technology used and the actors involved, as well as the domains concerned by the exploration and use of outer space. Space Law will lay out the progressive densification of the legal framework that is applicable to outer space and the activities that are carried out there. Without claiming to be exhaustive, the aim of…mehr
Outer space is subject to a legal framework; there is a set of rules specifically dedicated to outer space and to the activities carried out there. These rules have developed since 1957, the year the first artificial satellite was launched. Major changes have also affected the technology used and the actors involved, as well as the domains concerned by the exploration and use of outer space. Space Law will lay out the progressive densification of the legal framework that is applicable to outer space and the activities that are carried out there. Without claiming to be exhaustive, the aim of this book is to present the main primary sources of space law, its main principles, the diversity of its fields of application and the challenges and issues that the development of space activities inevitably raises.
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Autorenporträt
Thomas Leclerc is Associate Professor at Université de Bretagne Occidentale, France. He holds a PhD from the Université de Bordeaux, France, and the International Institute of Air and Space Law at Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands. His research focuses on legal aspects related to spaces beyond national jurisdictions.
Inhaltsangabe
Introduction xv Thomas LECLERC Part 1 The Main Sources of Space Law 1 Chapter 1 History, the Treaties, the Resolutions 3 Sergio MARCHISIO 1.1 Notion and evolution of international space law 3 1.2 Space law as a fruit of the United Nations 6 1.3 The outer space treaty of 1967: Legal past, legal future 8 1.4 The other UN treaties on space activities 12 1.5 The declarations of principles 19 1.6 Other UN resolutions 21 1.7 References 23 Chapter 2 National Space Law 27 Frans VON DER DUNK 2.1 National space law in the context of international space law 27 2.2 From international to national space law 28 2.3 National space law and licensing regimes addressing private sector space activities 31 2.4 National space law and international responsibility, authorization and continuing supervision 34 2.5 Final remarks 49 2.6 References 51 Part 2 The Main Principles of Space Law 57 Chapter 3 Freedom of Exploration and Use of Outer Space 59 Jenni TAPIO 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 The basic elements of the freedom of exploration and use 60 3.3 Article I of the outer space treaty 65 3.4 Freedom of exploration and use by non-governmental entities - Reflections on State responsibility 73 3.5 Concluding remarks 78 3.6 References 79 Chapter 4 The Principle of Exploration and Utilization of Outer Space for the Benefit of All Countries 83 Olavo DE O BITTENCOURT NETO and Daniel FREIRE E ALMEIDA 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Drafting 84 4.3 Legal content 86 4.4 Province of all mankind 88 4.5 Current concerns 90 4.6 References 92 Chapter 5 Non-Appropriation of Outer Space 95 Philip DE MAN 5.1 Concept and origins 95 5.2 Scope of application 97 5.3 Persistent sovereignty 103 5.4 References 106 Chapter 6 Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 107 Setsuko AOKI 6.1 Background 107 6.2 Article IV of the outer space treaty and unresolved issues 108 6.3 Peaceful uses in outer void space 109 6.4 Peaceful uses on the moon and other celestial bodies 110 6.5 References 111 Chapter 7 State Responsibility and Liability for Space Activities 113 Armel KERREST 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 The responsibility of States for their national activities in outer space 114 7.3 Liability for damage caused by space objects 115 7.4 Liability for damage caused on land or to aircraft in flight 117 7.5 Liability for damage suffered elsewhere, not on the surface of the Earth 124 7.6 Questioning the liability of the launching State 125 7.7 Launching State liability and private activities 127 7.8 References 128 Part 3 Diversity of Fields of Application for Space Law 131 Chapter 8 Space Traffic Management 133 Ntorina ANTONI, Christina GIANNOPAPA and Kai-Uwe SCHROGL 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 Evolution and status of space traffic management 135 8.3 National STM initiatives and the civil-military challenge 140 8.4 Civil-military cooperation in the air, seas and radio frequency spectrum 147 8.5 The way forward for STM 149 8.6 References 151 Chapter 9 ITU Regulatory Regime Related to Non-GSO Satellite Systems 155 Yvon HENRI and Attila MATAS 9.1 Introduction 155 9.2 International regulations applying to the use of frequencies and orbits particularly by non-GSO FSS satellite systems 157 9.3 Bringing into use satellite networks and systems 160 9.4 Radio Navigation Satellite Systems 162 9.4.1 RNSS band regulations 163 9.5 Non-GSO Satellite systems with SDM 165 9.6 Conclusion 167 9.7 References 167 Chapter 10 Satellite Radio Communications 169 Philippe ACHILLEAS 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 The regime for the use of the "spectrum-orbit" resource 171 10.3 The use of the resource in the interest of all States 184 10.4 References 193 Chapter 11 Navigation Satellite Systems 195 Magda COCCO and Helena CORREIA MENDONÇA 11.1 Introduction 195 11.2 Initial concepts and overview 195 11.3 Legal framework applicable to PNT 200 11.4 Liability 212 11.5 Conclusion 223 11.6 References 224 Chapter 12 The Legal Framework of Remote Sensing by Satellites: The Challenge of the New Space 227 Thierry LEMAIRE 12.1 Introduction 227 12.2 The international legal framework applicable to remote sensing by satellites 230 12.3 State control over private remote sensing activities 235 12.4 Legal protection of remote sensing data 243 12.5 Impacts of remote sensing on individual rights and freedoms 247 12.6 Conclusion 251 12.7 References 253 Chapter 13 Small Satellites and the Regulation of Outer Space Activities 255 Steven FREELAND 13.1 The changing nature of space technology 255 13.2 The current international legal framework and regulatory requirements 258 13.3 Concluding remarks 267 13.4 References 269 Chapter 14 Exploitation of Material Resources of Celestial Bodies 271 Philip DE MAN 14.1 State of play 271 14.2 Legal principles 273 14.3 Terms: "exploitation" and "natural resources" 276 14.4 Future international regime 279 14.5 References 281 Part 4 Challenges and Issues Raised by the Development of Space Activities 283 Chapter 15 Legal Issues Related to the Exploration of the Universe 285 Laetitia CESARI ZARKAN 15.1 Introduction 285 15.2 Anthropocentrism through the ages: envoy of humanity, space tourist and Homo spatialis 287 15.3 Managing objects launched or built in space: communication links between infrastructures, protection and monitoring of systems, and management of space debris 291 15.4 Finding harmony among space powers: from resource allocation to protecting the interests of the scientific community 294 15.5 Conclusion 296 15.6 References 297 Chapter 16 The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy and International Law 299 Leslie I TENNEN 16.1 Introduction 299 16.2 Legal standards of protection of celestial environments 300 16.3 Current COSPAR planetary protection policy 301 16.4 Implementation of the COSPAR PPP by space agencies and authorities 307 16.5 Application of international law to the planetary protection policy 312 16.6 Gaps in the application of the planetary protection policy 320 16.7 Commercial new space ventures and planetary protection 323 16.8 References 327 Chapter 17 Military Activities in Outer Space: Legal Aspects 331 Georges D KYRIAKOPOULOS 17.1 Introduction 331 17.2 Weaponization of outer space 333 17.3 International action for the "prevention of an arms race in outer space" 335 17.4 Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities 336 17.5 References 337 Chapter 18 Outer Space in the Face of Contemporary Conflicts: Limits and Impasses of International Law 339 Julien ANCELIN and Chloé DUFFORT 18.1 Introduction 339 18.2 Spatial conflict subject to the law of collective security 343 18.3 Spatial conflict challenges the application of the law of armed conflict 347 18.4 Conclusion 350 18.5 References 352 List of Authors 355 Index 357
Introduction xv Thomas LECLERC Part 1 The Main Sources of Space Law 1 Chapter 1 History, the Treaties, the Resolutions 3 Sergio MARCHISIO 1.1 Notion and evolution of international space law 3 1.2 Space law as a fruit of the United Nations 6 1.3 The outer space treaty of 1967: Legal past, legal future 8 1.4 The other UN treaties on space activities 12 1.5 The declarations of principles 19 1.6 Other UN resolutions 21 1.7 References 23 Chapter 2 National Space Law 27 Frans VON DER DUNK 2.1 National space law in the context of international space law 27 2.2 From international to national space law 28 2.3 National space law and licensing regimes addressing private sector space activities 31 2.4 National space law and international responsibility, authorization and continuing supervision 34 2.5 Final remarks 49 2.6 References 51 Part 2 The Main Principles of Space Law 57 Chapter 3 Freedom of Exploration and Use of Outer Space 59 Jenni TAPIO 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 The basic elements of the freedom of exploration and use 60 3.3 Article I of the outer space treaty 65 3.4 Freedom of exploration and use by non-governmental entities - Reflections on State responsibility 73 3.5 Concluding remarks 78 3.6 References 79 Chapter 4 The Principle of Exploration and Utilization of Outer Space for the Benefit of All Countries 83 Olavo DE O BITTENCOURT NETO and Daniel FREIRE E ALMEIDA 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Drafting 84 4.3 Legal content 86 4.4 Province of all mankind 88 4.5 Current concerns 90 4.6 References 92 Chapter 5 Non-Appropriation of Outer Space 95 Philip DE MAN 5.1 Concept and origins 95 5.2 Scope of application 97 5.3 Persistent sovereignty 103 5.4 References 106 Chapter 6 Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 107 Setsuko AOKI 6.1 Background 107 6.2 Article IV of the outer space treaty and unresolved issues 108 6.3 Peaceful uses in outer void space 109 6.4 Peaceful uses on the moon and other celestial bodies 110 6.5 References 111 Chapter 7 State Responsibility and Liability for Space Activities 113 Armel KERREST 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 The responsibility of States for their national activities in outer space 114 7.3 Liability for damage caused by space objects 115 7.4 Liability for damage caused on land or to aircraft in flight 117 7.5 Liability for damage suffered elsewhere, not on the surface of the Earth 124 7.6 Questioning the liability of the launching State 125 7.7 Launching State liability and private activities 127 7.8 References 128 Part 3 Diversity of Fields of Application for Space Law 131 Chapter 8 Space Traffic Management 133 Ntorina ANTONI, Christina GIANNOPAPA and Kai-Uwe SCHROGL 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 Evolution and status of space traffic management 135 8.3 National STM initiatives and the civil-military challenge 140 8.4 Civil-military cooperation in the air, seas and radio frequency spectrum 147 8.5 The way forward for STM 149 8.6 References 151 Chapter 9 ITU Regulatory Regime Related to Non-GSO Satellite Systems 155 Yvon HENRI and Attila MATAS 9.1 Introduction 155 9.2 International regulations applying to the use of frequencies and orbits particularly by non-GSO FSS satellite systems 157 9.3 Bringing into use satellite networks and systems 160 9.4 Radio Navigation Satellite Systems 162 9.4.1 RNSS band regulations 163 9.5 Non-GSO Satellite systems with SDM 165 9.6 Conclusion 167 9.7 References 167 Chapter 10 Satellite Radio Communications 169 Philippe ACHILLEAS 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 The regime for the use of the "spectrum-orbit" resource 171 10.3 The use of the resource in the interest of all States 184 10.4 References 193 Chapter 11 Navigation Satellite Systems 195 Magda COCCO and Helena CORREIA MENDONÇA 11.1 Introduction 195 11.2 Initial concepts and overview 195 11.3 Legal framework applicable to PNT 200 11.4 Liability 212 11.5 Conclusion 223 11.6 References 224 Chapter 12 The Legal Framework of Remote Sensing by Satellites: The Challenge of the New Space 227 Thierry LEMAIRE 12.1 Introduction 227 12.2 The international legal framework applicable to remote sensing by satellites 230 12.3 State control over private remote sensing activities 235 12.4 Legal protection of remote sensing data 243 12.5 Impacts of remote sensing on individual rights and freedoms 247 12.6 Conclusion 251 12.7 References 253 Chapter 13 Small Satellites and the Regulation of Outer Space Activities 255 Steven FREELAND 13.1 The changing nature of space technology 255 13.2 The current international legal framework and regulatory requirements 258 13.3 Concluding remarks 267 13.4 References 269 Chapter 14 Exploitation of Material Resources of Celestial Bodies 271 Philip DE MAN 14.1 State of play 271 14.2 Legal principles 273 14.3 Terms: "exploitation" and "natural resources" 276 14.4 Future international regime 279 14.5 References 281 Part 4 Challenges and Issues Raised by the Development of Space Activities 283 Chapter 15 Legal Issues Related to the Exploration of the Universe 285 Laetitia CESARI ZARKAN 15.1 Introduction 285 15.2 Anthropocentrism through the ages: envoy of humanity, space tourist and Homo spatialis 287 15.3 Managing objects launched or built in space: communication links between infrastructures, protection and monitoring of systems, and management of space debris 291 15.4 Finding harmony among space powers: from resource allocation to protecting the interests of the scientific community 294 15.5 Conclusion 296 15.6 References 297 Chapter 16 The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy and International Law 299 Leslie I TENNEN 16.1 Introduction 299 16.2 Legal standards of protection of celestial environments 300 16.3 Current COSPAR planetary protection policy 301 16.4 Implementation of the COSPAR PPP by space agencies and authorities 307 16.5 Application of international law to the planetary protection policy 312 16.6 Gaps in the application of the planetary protection policy 320 16.7 Commercial new space ventures and planetary protection 323 16.8 References 327 Chapter 17 Military Activities in Outer Space: Legal Aspects 331 Georges D KYRIAKOPOULOS 17.1 Introduction 331 17.2 Weaponization of outer space 333 17.3 International action for the "prevention of an arms race in outer space" 335 17.4 Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities 336 17.5 References 337 Chapter 18 Outer Space in the Face of Contemporary Conflicts: Limits and Impasses of International Law 339 Julien ANCELIN and Chloé DUFFORT 18.1 Introduction 339 18.2 Spatial conflict subject to the law of collective security 343 18.3 Spatial conflict challenges the application of the law of armed conflict 347 18.4 Conclusion 350 18.5 References 352 List of Authors 355 Index 357
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