Jerome's intellectual formation cannot be separated from the broader cultural currents of the fourth century. Educated in Rome, he was steeped in the rhetorical traditions of Cicero and Quintilian, the historical narratives of Livy and Tacitus, and the poetic brilliance of Virgil and Horace. Yet, even as he mastered the great works of Latin literature, Jerome was acutely aware of their limitations in conveying the truths of divine revelation. His later denunciation of pagan literature, most famously expressed in his Letter 22 where he recounts a dream of being judged as a "Ciceronian" rather than a Christian, reflects the inner tension between his classical education and his burgeoning Christian faith. This tension would shape much of his life's work, as he sought to harmonize the intellectual rigor of the Greco-Roman tradition with the spiritual demands of Christian doctrine.
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