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"...I know of no better book of its kind..." (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol 169 (1), January 2006) A revised and updated edition of this bestselling introductory textbook to statistical analysis using the leading free software package R This new edition of a bestselling title offers a concise introduction to a broad array of statistical methods, at a level that is elementary enough to appeal to a wide range of disciplines. Step-by-step instructions help the non-statistician to fully understand the methodology. The book covers the full range of statistical techniques likely to…mehr
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"...I know of no better book of its kind..." (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol 169 (1), January 2006) A revised and updated edition of this bestselling introductory textbook to statistical analysis using the leading free software package R This new edition of a bestselling title offers a concise introduction to a broad array of statistical methods, at a level that is elementary enough to appeal to a wide range of disciplines. Step-by-step instructions help the non-statistician to fully understand the methodology. The book covers the full range of statistical techniques likely to be needed to analyse the data from research projects, including elementary material like t--tests and chi--squared tests, intermediate methods like regression and analysis of variance, and more advanced techniques like generalized linear modelling. Includes numerous worked examples and exercises within each chapter.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 360
- Erscheinungstermin: 23. September 2014
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118941102
- Artikelnr.: 41687939
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 360
- Erscheinungstermin: 23. September 2014
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118941102
- Artikelnr.: 41687939
Michael J. Crawley, FRS, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. Author of three bestselling Wiley statistics titles and five life science books.
Preface xi Chapter 1 Fundamentals 1 Everything Varies 2 Significance 3 Good
and Bad Hypotheses 3 Null Hypotheses 3 p Values 3 Interpretation 4 Model
Choice 4 Statistical Modelling 5 Maximum Likelihood 6 Experimental Design 7
The Principle of Parsimony (Occam's Razor) 8 Observation, Theory and
Experiment 8 Controls 8 Replication: It's the ns that Justify the Means 8
How Many Replicates? 9 Power 9 Randomization 10 Strong Inference 14 Weak
Inference 14 How Long to Go On? 14 Pseudoreplication 15 Initial Conditions
16 Orthogonal Designs and Non-Orthogonal Observational Data 16 Aliasing 16
Multiple Comparisons 17 Summary of Statistical Models in R 18 Organizing
Your Work 19 Housekeeping within R 20 References 22 Further Reading 22
Chapter 2 Dataframes 23 Selecting Parts of a Dataframe: Subscripts 26
Sorting 27 Summarizing the Content of Dataframes 29 Summarizing by
Explanatory Variables 30 First Things First: Get to Know Your Data 31
Relationships 34 Looking for Interactions between Continuous Variables 36
Graphics to Help with Multiple Regression 39 Interactions Involving
Categorical Variables 39 Further Reading 41 Chapter 3 Central Tendency 42
Further Reading 49 Chapter 4 Variance 50 Degrees of Freedom 53 Variance 53
Variance: A Worked Example 55 Variance and Sample Size 58 Using Variance 59
A Measure of Unreliability 60 Confidence Intervals 61 Bootstrap 62
Non-constant Variance: Heteroscedasticity 65 Further Reading 65 Chapter 5
Single Samples 66 Data Summary in the One-Sample Case 66 The Normal
Distribution 70 Calculations Using z of the Normal Distribution 76 Plots
for Testing Normality of Single Samples 79 Inference in the One-Sample Case
81 Bootstrap in Hypothesis Testing with Single Samples 81 Student's t
Distribution 82 Higher-Order Moments of a Distribution 83 Skew 84 Kurtosis
86 Reference 87 Further Reading 87 Chapter 6 Two Samples 88 Comparing Two
Variances 88 Comparing Two Means 90 Student's t Test 91 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum
Test 95 Tests on Paired Samples 97 The Binomial Test 98 Binomial Tests to
Compare Two Proportions 100 Chi-Squared Contingency Tables 100 Fisher's
Exact Test 105 Correlation and Covariance 108 Correlation and the Variance
of Differences between Variables 110 Scale-Dependent Correlations 112
Reference 113 Further Reading 113 Chapter 7 Regression 114 Linear
Regression 116 Linear Regression in R 117 Calculations Involved in Linear
Regression 122 Partitioning Sums of Squares in Regression: SSY = SSR + SSE
125 Measuring the Degree of Fit, r2 133 Model Checking 134 Transformation
135 Polynomial Regression 140 Non-Linear Regression 142 Generalized
Additive Models 146 Influence 148 Further Reading 149 Chapter 8 Analysis of
Variance 150 One-Way ANOVA 150 Shortcut Formulas 157 Effect Sizes 159 Plots
for Interpreting One-Way ANOVA 162 Factorial Experiments 168
Pseudoreplication: Nested Designs and Split Plots 173 Split-Plot
Experiments 174 Random Effects and Nested Designs 176 Fixed or Random
Effects? 177 Removing the Pseudoreplication 178 Analysis of Longitudinal
Data 178 Derived Variable Analysis 179 Dealing with Pseudoreplication 179
Variance Components Analysis (VCA) 183 References 184 Further Reading 184
Chapter 9 Analysis of Covariance 185 Further Reading 192 Chapter 10
Multiple Regression 193 The Steps Involved in Model Simplification 195
Caveats 196 Order of Deletion 196 Carrying Out a Multiple Regression 197 A
Trickier Example 203 Further Reading 211 Chapter 11 Contrasts 212 Contrast
Coefficients 213 An Example of Contrasts in R 214 A Priori Contrasts 215
Treatment Contrasts 216 Model Simplification by Stepwise Deletion 218
Contrast Sums of Squares by Hand 222 The Three Kinds of Contrasts Compared
224 Reference 225 Further Reading 225 Chapter 12 Other Response Variables
226 Introduction to Generalized Linear Models 228 The Error Structure 229
The Linear Predictor 229 Fitted Values 230 A General Measure of Variability
230 The Link Function 231 Canonical Link Functions 232 Akaike's Information
Criterion (AIC) as a Measure of the Fit of a Model 233 Further Reading 233
Chapter 13 Count Data 234 A Regression with Poisson Errors 234 Analysis of
Deviance with Count Data 237 The Danger of Contingency Tables 244 Analysis
of Covariance with Count Data 247 Frequency Distributions 250 Further
Reading 255 Chapter 14 Proportion Data 256 Analyses of Data on One and Two
Proportions 257 Averages of Proportions 257 Count Data on Proportions 257
Odds 259 Overdispersion and Hypothesis Testing 260 Applications 261
Logistic Regression with Binomial Errors 261 Proportion Data with
Categorical Explanatory Variables 264 Analysis of Covariance with Binomial
Data 269 Further Reading 272 Chapter 15 Binary Response Variable 273
Incidence Functions 275 ANCOVA with a Binary Response Variable 279 Further
Reading 284 Chapter 16 Death and Failure Data 285 Survival Analysis with
Censoring 287 Further Reading 290 Appendix Essentials of the R Language 291
R as a Calculator 291 Built-in Functions 292 Numbers with Exponents 294
Modulo and Integer Quotients 294 Assignment 295 Rounding 295 Infinity and
Things that Are Not a Number (NaN) 296 Missing Values (NA) 297 Operators
298 Creating a Vector 298 Named Elements within Vectors 299 Vector
Functions 299 Summary Information from Vectors by Groups 300 Subscripts and
Indices 301 Working with Vectors and Logical Subscripts 301 Addresses
within Vectors 304 Trimming Vectors Using Negative Subscripts 304 Logical
Arithmetic 305 Repeats 305 Generate Factor Levels 306 Generating Regular
Sequences of Numbers 306 Matrices 307 Character Strings 309 Writing
Functions in R 310 Arithmetic Mean of a Single Sample 310 Median of a
Single Sample 310 Loops and Repeats 311 The ifelse Function 312 Evaluating
Functions with apply 312 Testing for Equality 313 Testing and Coercing in R
314 Dates and Times in R 315 Calculations with Dates and Times 319
Understanding the Structure of an R Object Using str 320 Reference 322
Further Reading 322 Index 323
and Bad Hypotheses 3 Null Hypotheses 3 p Values 3 Interpretation 4 Model
Choice 4 Statistical Modelling 5 Maximum Likelihood 6 Experimental Design 7
The Principle of Parsimony (Occam's Razor) 8 Observation, Theory and
Experiment 8 Controls 8 Replication: It's the ns that Justify the Means 8
How Many Replicates? 9 Power 9 Randomization 10 Strong Inference 14 Weak
Inference 14 How Long to Go On? 14 Pseudoreplication 15 Initial Conditions
16 Orthogonal Designs and Non-Orthogonal Observational Data 16 Aliasing 16
Multiple Comparisons 17 Summary of Statistical Models in R 18 Organizing
Your Work 19 Housekeeping within R 20 References 22 Further Reading 22
Chapter 2 Dataframes 23 Selecting Parts of a Dataframe: Subscripts 26
Sorting 27 Summarizing the Content of Dataframes 29 Summarizing by
Explanatory Variables 30 First Things First: Get to Know Your Data 31
Relationships 34 Looking for Interactions between Continuous Variables 36
Graphics to Help with Multiple Regression 39 Interactions Involving
Categorical Variables 39 Further Reading 41 Chapter 3 Central Tendency 42
Further Reading 49 Chapter 4 Variance 50 Degrees of Freedom 53 Variance 53
Variance: A Worked Example 55 Variance and Sample Size 58 Using Variance 59
A Measure of Unreliability 60 Confidence Intervals 61 Bootstrap 62
Non-constant Variance: Heteroscedasticity 65 Further Reading 65 Chapter 5
Single Samples 66 Data Summary in the One-Sample Case 66 The Normal
Distribution 70 Calculations Using z of the Normal Distribution 76 Plots
for Testing Normality of Single Samples 79 Inference in the One-Sample Case
81 Bootstrap in Hypothesis Testing with Single Samples 81 Student's t
Distribution 82 Higher-Order Moments of a Distribution 83 Skew 84 Kurtosis
86 Reference 87 Further Reading 87 Chapter 6 Two Samples 88 Comparing Two
Variances 88 Comparing Two Means 90 Student's t Test 91 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum
Test 95 Tests on Paired Samples 97 The Binomial Test 98 Binomial Tests to
Compare Two Proportions 100 Chi-Squared Contingency Tables 100 Fisher's
Exact Test 105 Correlation and Covariance 108 Correlation and the Variance
of Differences between Variables 110 Scale-Dependent Correlations 112
Reference 113 Further Reading 113 Chapter 7 Regression 114 Linear
Regression 116 Linear Regression in R 117 Calculations Involved in Linear
Regression 122 Partitioning Sums of Squares in Regression: SSY = SSR + SSE
125 Measuring the Degree of Fit, r2 133 Model Checking 134 Transformation
135 Polynomial Regression 140 Non-Linear Regression 142 Generalized
Additive Models 146 Influence 148 Further Reading 149 Chapter 8 Analysis of
Variance 150 One-Way ANOVA 150 Shortcut Formulas 157 Effect Sizes 159 Plots
for Interpreting One-Way ANOVA 162 Factorial Experiments 168
Pseudoreplication: Nested Designs and Split Plots 173 Split-Plot
Experiments 174 Random Effects and Nested Designs 176 Fixed or Random
Effects? 177 Removing the Pseudoreplication 178 Analysis of Longitudinal
Data 178 Derived Variable Analysis 179 Dealing with Pseudoreplication 179
Variance Components Analysis (VCA) 183 References 184 Further Reading 184
Chapter 9 Analysis of Covariance 185 Further Reading 192 Chapter 10
Multiple Regression 193 The Steps Involved in Model Simplification 195
Caveats 196 Order of Deletion 196 Carrying Out a Multiple Regression 197 A
Trickier Example 203 Further Reading 211 Chapter 11 Contrasts 212 Contrast
Coefficients 213 An Example of Contrasts in R 214 A Priori Contrasts 215
Treatment Contrasts 216 Model Simplification by Stepwise Deletion 218
Contrast Sums of Squares by Hand 222 The Three Kinds of Contrasts Compared
224 Reference 225 Further Reading 225 Chapter 12 Other Response Variables
226 Introduction to Generalized Linear Models 228 The Error Structure 229
The Linear Predictor 229 Fitted Values 230 A General Measure of Variability
230 The Link Function 231 Canonical Link Functions 232 Akaike's Information
Criterion (AIC) as a Measure of the Fit of a Model 233 Further Reading 233
Chapter 13 Count Data 234 A Regression with Poisson Errors 234 Analysis of
Deviance with Count Data 237 The Danger of Contingency Tables 244 Analysis
of Covariance with Count Data 247 Frequency Distributions 250 Further
Reading 255 Chapter 14 Proportion Data 256 Analyses of Data on One and Two
Proportions 257 Averages of Proportions 257 Count Data on Proportions 257
Odds 259 Overdispersion and Hypothesis Testing 260 Applications 261
Logistic Regression with Binomial Errors 261 Proportion Data with
Categorical Explanatory Variables 264 Analysis of Covariance with Binomial
Data 269 Further Reading 272 Chapter 15 Binary Response Variable 273
Incidence Functions 275 ANCOVA with a Binary Response Variable 279 Further
Reading 284 Chapter 16 Death and Failure Data 285 Survival Analysis with
Censoring 287 Further Reading 290 Appendix Essentials of the R Language 291
R as a Calculator 291 Built-in Functions 292 Numbers with Exponents 294
Modulo and Integer Quotients 294 Assignment 295 Rounding 295 Infinity and
Things that Are Not a Number (NaN) 296 Missing Values (NA) 297 Operators
298 Creating a Vector 298 Named Elements within Vectors 299 Vector
Functions 299 Summary Information from Vectors by Groups 300 Subscripts and
Indices 301 Working with Vectors and Logical Subscripts 301 Addresses
within Vectors 304 Trimming Vectors Using Negative Subscripts 304 Logical
Arithmetic 305 Repeats 305 Generate Factor Levels 306 Generating Regular
Sequences of Numbers 306 Matrices 307 Character Strings 309 Writing
Functions in R 310 Arithmetic Mean of a Single Sample 310 Median of a
Single Sample 310 Loops and Repeats 311 The ifelse Function 312 Evaluating
Functions with apply 312 Testing for Equality 313 Testing and Coercing in R
314 Dates and Times in R 315 Calculations with Dates and Times 319
Understanding the Structure of an R Object Using str 320 Reference 322
Further Reading 322 Index 323
Preface xi Chapter 1 Fundamentals 1 Everything Varies 2 Significance 3 Good
and Bad Hypotheses 3 Null Hypotheses 3 p Values 3 Interpretation 4 Model
Choice 4 Statistical Modelling 5 Maximum Likelihood 6 Experimental Design 7
The Principle of Parsimony (Occam's Razor) 8 Observation, Theory and
Experiment 8 Controls 8 Replication: It's the ns that Justify the Means 8
How Many Replicates? 9 Power 9 Randomization 10 Strong Inference 14 Weak
Inference 14 How Long to Go On? 14 Pseudoreplication 15 Initial Conditions
16 Orthogonal Designs and Non-Orthogonal Observational Data 16 Aliasing 16
Multiple Comparisons 17 Summary of Statistical Models in R 18 Organizing
Your Work 19 Housekeeping within R 20 References 22 Further Reading 22
Chapter 2 Dataframes 23 Selecting Parts of a Dataframe: Subscripts 26
Sorting 27 Summarizing the Content of Dataframes 29 Summarizing by
Explanatory Variables 30 First Things First: Get to Know Your Data 31
Relationships 34 Looking for Interactions between Continuous Variables 36
Graphics to Help with Multiple Regression 39 Interactions Involving
Categorical Variables 39 Further Reading 41 Chapter 3 Central Tendency 42
Further Reading 49 Chapter 4 Variance 50 Degrees of Freedom 53 Variance 53
Variance: A Worked Example 55 Variance and Sample Size 58 Using Variance 59
A Measure of Unreliability 60 Confidence Intervals 61 Bootstrap 62
Non-constant Variance: Heteroscedasticity 65 Further Reading 65 Chapter 5
Single Samples 66 Data Summary in the One-Sample Case 66 The Normal
Distribution 70 Calculations Using z of the Normal Distribution 76 Plots
for Testing Normality of Single Samples 79 Inference in the One-Sample Case
81 Bootstrap in Hypothesis Testing with Single Samples 81 Student's t
Distribution 82 Higher-Order Moments of a Distribution 83 Skew 84 Kurtosis
86 Reference 87 Further Reading 87 Chapter 6 Two Samples 88 Comparing Two
Variances 88 Comparing Two Means 90 Student's t Test 91 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum
Test 95 Tests on Paired Samples 97 The Binomial Test 98 Binomial Tests to
Compare Two Proportions 100 Chi-Squared Contingency Tables 100 Fisher's
Exact Test 105 Correlation and Covariance 108 Correlation and the Variance
of Differences between Variables 110 Scale-Dependent Correlations 112
Reference 113 Further Reading 113 Chapter 7 Regression 114 Linear
Regression 116 Linear Regression in R 117 Calculations Involved in Linear
Regression 122 Partitioning Sums of Squares in Regression: SSY = SSR + SSE
125 Measuring the Degree of Fit, r2 133 Model Checking 134 Transformation
135 Polynomial Regression 140 Non-Linear Regression 142 Generalized
Additive Models 146 Influence 148 Further Reading 149 Chapter 8 Analysis of
Variance 150 One-Way ANOVA 150 Shortcut Formulas 157 Effect Sizes 159 Plots
for Interpreting One-Way ANOVA 162 Factorial Experiments 168
Pseudoreplication: Nested Designs and Split Plots 173 Split-Plot
Experiments 174 Random Effects and Nested Designs 176 Fixed or Random
Effects? 177 Removing the Pseudoreplication 178 Analysis of Longitudinal
Data 178 Derived Variable Analysis 179 Dealing with Pseudoreplication 179
Variance Components Analysis (VCA) 183 References 184 Further Reading 184
Chapter 9 Analysis of Covariance 185 Further Reading 192 Chapter 10
Multiple Regression 193 The Steps Involved in Model Simplification 195
Caveats 196 Order of Deletion 196 Carrying Out a Multiple Regression 197 A
Trickier Example 203 Further Reading 211 Chapter 11 Contrasts 212 Contrast
Coefficients 213 An Example of Contrasts in R 214 A Priori Contrasts 215
Treatment Contrasts 216 Model Simplification by Stepwise Deletion 218
Contrast Sums of Squares by Hand 222 The Three Kinds of Contrasts Compared
224 Reference 225 Further Reading 225 Chapter 12 Other Response Variables
226 Introduction to Generalized Linear Models 228 The Error Structure 229
The Linear Predictor 229 Fitted Values 230 A General Measure of Variability
230 The Link Function 231 Canonical Link Functions 232 Akaike's Information
Criterion (AIC) as a Measure of the Fit of a Model 233 Further Reading 233
Chapter 13 Count Data 234 A Regression with Poisson Errors 234 Analysis of
Deviance with Count Data 237 The Danger of Contingency Tables 244 Analysis
of Covariance with Count Data 247 Frequency Distributions 250 Further
Reading 255 Chapter 14 Proportion Data 256 Analyses of Data on One and Two
Proportions 257 Averages of Proportions 257 Count Data on Proportions 257
Odds 259 Overdispersion and Hypothesis Testing 260 Applications 261
Logistic Regression with Binomial Errors 261 Proportion Data with
Categorical Explanatory Variables 264 Analysis of Covariance with Binomial
Data 269 Further Reading 272 Chapter 15 Binary Response Variable 273
Incidence Functions 275 ANCOVA with a Binary Response Variable 279 Further
Reading 284 Chapter 16 Death and Failure Data 285 Survival Analysis with
Censoring 287 Further Reading 290 Appendix Essentials of the R Language 291
R as a Calculator 291 Built-in Functions 292 Numbers with Exponents 294
Modulo and Integer Quotients 294 Assignment 295 Rounding 295 Infinity and
Things that Are Not a Number (NaN) 296 Missing Values (NA) 297 Operators
298 Creating a Vector 298 Named Elements within Vectors 299 Vector
Functions 299 Summary Information from Vectors by Groups 300 Subscripts and
Indices 301 Working with Vectors and Logical Subscripts 301 Addresses
within Vectors 304 Trimming Vectors Using Negative Subscripts 304 Logical
Arithmetic 305 Repeats 305 Generate Factor Levels 306 Generating Regular
Sequences of Numbers 306 Matrices 307 Character Strings 309 Writing
Functions in R 310 Arithmetic Mean of a Single Sample 310 Median of a
Single Sample 310 Loops and Repeats 311 The ifelse Function 312 Evaluating
Functions with apply 312 Testing for Equality 313 Testing and Coercing in R
314 Dates and Times in R 315 Calculations with Dates and Times 319
Understanding the Structure of an R Object Using str 320 Reference 322
Further Reading 322 Index 323
and Bad Hypotheses 3 Null Hypotheses 3 p Values 3 Interpretation 4 Model
Choice 4 Statistical Modelling 5 Maximum Likelihood 6 Experimental Design 7
The Principle of Parsimony (Occam's Razor) 8 Observation, Theory and
Experiment 8 Controls 8 Replication: It's the ns that Justify the Means 8
How Many Replicates? 9 Power 9 Randomization 10 Strong Inference 14 Weak
Inference 14 How Long to Go On? 14 Pseudoreplication 15 Initial Conditions
16 Orthogonal Designs and Non-Orthogonal Observational Data 16 Aliasing 16
Multiple Comparisons 17 Summary of Statistical Models in R 18 Organizing
Your Work 19 Housekeeping within R 20 References 22 Further Reading 22
Chapter 2 Dataframes 23 Selecting Parts of a Dataframe: Subscripts 26
Sorting 27 Summarizing the Content of Dataframes 29 Summarizing by
Explanatory Variables 30 First Things First: Get to Know Your Data 31
Relationships 34 Looking for Interactions between Continuous Variables 36
Graphics to Help with Multiple Regression 39 Interactions Involving
Categorical Variables 39 Further Reading 41 Chapter 3 Central Tendency 42
Further Reading 49 Chapter 4 Variance 50 Degrees of Freedom 53 Variance 53
Variance: A Worked Example 55 Variance and Sample Size 58 Using Variance 59
A Measure of Unreliability 60 Confidence Intervals 61 Bootstrap 62
Non-constant Variance: Heteroscedasticity 65 Further Reading 65 Chapter 5
Single Samples 66 Data Summary in the One-Sample Case 66 The Normal
Distribution 70 Calculations Using z of the Normal Distribution 76 Plots
for Testing Normality of Single Samples 79 Inference in the One-Sample Case
81 Bootstrap in Hypothesis Testing with Single Samples 81 Student's t
Distribution 82 Higher-Order Moments of a Distribution 83 Skew 84 Kurtosis
86 Reference 87 Further Reading 87 Chapter 6 Two Samples 88 Comparing Two
Variances 88 Comparing Two Means 90 Student's t Test 91 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum
Test 95 Tests on Paired Samples 97 The Binomial Test 98 Binomial Tests to
Compare Two Proportions 100 Chi-Squared Contingency Tables 100 Fisher's
Exact Test 105 Correlation and Covariance 108 Correlation and the Variance
of Differences between Variables 110 Scale-Dependent Correlations 112
Reference 113 Further Reading 113 Chapter 7 Regression 114 Linear
Regression 116 Linear Regression in R 117 Calculations Involved in Linear
Regression 122 Partitioning Sums of Squares in Regression: SSY = SSR + SSE
125 Measuring the Degree of Fit, r2 133 Model Checking 134 Transformation
135 Polynomial Regression 140 Non-Linear Regression 142 Generalized
Additive Models 146 Influence 148 Further Reading 149 Chapter 8 Analysis of
Variance 150 One-Way ANOVA 150 Shortcut Formulas 157 Effect Sizes 159 Plots
for Interpreting One-Way ANOVA 162 Factorial Experiments 168
Pseudoreplication: Nested Designs and Split Plots 173 Split-Plot
Experiments 174 Random Effects and Nested Designs 176 Fixed or Random
Effects? 177 Removing the Pseudoreplication 178 Analysis of Longitudinal
Data 178 Derived Variable Analysis 179 Dealing with Pseudoreplication 179
Variance Components Analysis (VCA) 183 References 184 Further Reading 184
Chapter 9 Analysis of Covariance 185 Further Reading 192 Chapter 10
Multiple Regression 193 The Steps Involved in Model Simplification 195
Caveats 196 Order of Deletion 196 Carrying Out a Multiple Regression 197 A
Trickier Example 203 Further Reading 211 Chapter 11 Contrasts 212 Contrast
Coefficients 213 An Example of Contrasts in R 214 A Priori Contrasts 215
Treatment Contrasts 216 Model Simplification by Stepwise Deletion 218
Contrast Sums of Squares by Hand 222 The Three Kinds of Contrasts Compared
224 Reference 225 Further Reading 225 Chapter 12 Other Response Variables
226 Introduction to Generalized Linear Models 228 The Error Structure 229
The Linear Predictor 229 Fitted Values 230 A General Measure of Variability
230 The Link Function 231 Canonical Link Functions 232 Akaike's Information
Criterion (AIC) as a Measure of the Fit of a Model 233 Further Reading 233
Chapter 13 Count Data 234 A Regression with Poisson Errors 234 Analysis of
Deviance with Count Data 237 The Danger of Contingency Tables 244 Analysis
of Covariance with Count Data 247 Frequency Distributions 250 Further
Reading 255 Chapter 14 Proportion Data 256 Analyses of Data on One and Two
Proportions 257 Averages of Proportions 257 Count Data on Proportions 257
Odds 259 Overdispersion and Hypothesis Testing 260 Applications 261
Logistic Regression with Binomial Errors 261 Proportion Data with
Categorical Explanatory Variables 264 Analysis of Covariance with Binomial
Data 269 Further Reading 272 Chapter 15 Binary Response Variable 273
Incidence Functions 275 ANCOVA with a Binary Response Variable 279 Further
Reading 284 Chapter 16 Death and Failure Data 285 Survival Analysis with
Censoring 287 Further Reading 290 Appendix Essentials of the R Language 291
R as a Calculator 291 Built-in Functions 292 Numbers with Exponents 294
Modulo and Integer Quotients 294 Assignment 295 Rounding 295 Infinity and
Things that Are Not a Number (NaN) 296 Missing Values (NA) 297 Operators
298 Creating a Vector 298 Named Elements within Vectors 299 Vector
Functions 299 Summary Information from Vectors by Groups 300 Subscripts and
Indices 301 Working with Vectors and Logical Subscripts 301 Addresses
within Vectors 304 Trimming Vectors Using Negative Subscripts 304 Logical
Arithmetic 305 Repeats 305 Generate Factor Levels 306 Generating Regular
Sequences of Numbers 306 Matrices 307 Character Strings 309 Writing
Functions in R 310 Arithmetic Mean of a Single Sample 310 Median of a
Single Sample 310 Loops and Repeats 311 The ifelse Function 312 Evaluating
Functions with apply 312 Testing for Equality 313 Testing and Coercing in R
314 Dates and Times in R 315 Calculations with Dates and Times 319
Understanding the Structure of an R Object Using str 320 Reference 322
Further Reading 322 Index 323