Roger Brunet
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Roger Brunet
Sustainable Geography (eBook, PDF)
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Sustainable Geography recalls the system and laws of geographical space production, tackles the hardcore of geography and presents models and organizations through a regional analysis and the dynamics of territorial structures and methods. The book also describes the general idea of discontinuities, trenches, the anti-dialectical and redivision-uniformity in the globalization and addresses the Transnational Urban Systems and Urban Network in Europe.
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Sustainable Geography recalls the system and laws of geographical space production, tackles the hardcore of geography and presents models and organizations through a regional analysis and the dynamics of territorial structures and methods. The book also describes the general idea of discontinuities, trenches, the anti-dialectical and redivision-uniformity in the globalization and addresses the Transnational Urban Systems and Urban Network in Europe.
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Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 352
- Erscheinungstermin: 4. März 2013
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118622667
- Artikelnr.: 38254510
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 352
- Erscheinungstermin: 4. März 2013
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118622667
- Artikelnr.: 38254510
- Herstellerkennzeichnung Die Herstellerinformationen sind derzeit nicht verfügbar.
Roger Brunet was Professor at the Universities of Toulouse and Reims in France, then Director of Research at the CNRS in Paris and worked for the Intergéo laboratory and the public interest group RECLUS in Montpellier. He was the founder of the international scientific journals L'Espace géographique and Mappemonde, as well as the originator of the concept of the chorem.
Preface xiii
Author Biography xix
PART 1. GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE PRODUCTION: SYSTEMS AND LAWS 1
Part 1. Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Geography: the Hard Core of a Social Science 5
1.1. The geographical question 5
1.2. Geographical space is produced 6
1.3. The reasons for the production of space 8
1.4. The organization of space 10
1.5. The logical field and the idea of a system in the production of space
13
1.6. The environment and the memories of the system 14
1.7. Geographical figures 16
1.8. Scientific practice 18
1.9. Conclusion 20
Chapter 2. The Geon and Energy of the System 23
2.1. Populations and working forces 26
2.2. Resources to actualize 28
2.3. Information as a source of negentropy 30
2.4. Production means and organization of space 33
2.5. The place of the capital and its distribution 35
2.6. The cybernetics of the system 38
2.7. Back to A 40
Chapter 3. Geographical Fields as the Environment of Places 43
3.1. Cardinal fields 44
3.2. Planetary fields 45
3.3. Cultural fields 46
3.4. The effects of exposure and attraction 47
3.5. Fields and geographical distributions 49
Chapter 4. Laws of Geographical Space Production 51
4.1. Geographic logic and the law of profit 52
4.2. Propositions of laws 53
4.3. Environment in systems 57
Chapter 5. Sense of Distance 59
5.1. Revelation of the distance 59
5.2. Distance measure 61
5.3. Ruptures of the distance 63
5.4. The represented distance: isolation and entrenchment 65
5.5. The distance and difference 67
5.6. End of distance? 70
PART 2. BROKEN SPACE 73
Part 2. Introduction 75
Chapter 6. Discontinuities and Thresholds 77
6.1. Discontinuity theory (1965) 77
6.2. Discontinuities and catastrophism 79
6.3. The region and discontinuity 84
6.4. Back to the discontinuity (1997) 86
6.5. Three examples of discontinuities in the geomorphological processes 89
Chapter 7. Territory Retrenchments 93
7.1. The pure and the wall 94
7.2. Retrenchments at the center 96
7.3. Separated peripheries 99
7.4. Folds and double folds 102
7.5. From retrenchment to res publica 104
Chapter 8. Antiworld and Alienation 107
8.1. Alienation 107
8.2. Antiworld 108
Chapter 9. Free Zones in the International Division of Labor 117
9.1. The territories of the antiworld 117
9.2. The complexity of the concept of international division of labor 119
9.3. The free zones: simplicity of speech, complexity of the roles 119
9.4. The golden belt 121
9.5. Territories without frankness, buccaneering territories 122
Chapter 10. Geography of the Gulag Archipelago 125
10.1. The sources of this survey 126
10.2. Geographical history 127
10.3. The organization of the archipelago 133
10.4. The modes of production 142
10.5. Conclusion 152
10.6. Appendix 153
Chapter 11. Geography of Migrations or the Antiworld in Spate 155
11.1. Waves and currents of emigration 156
11.2. Wanderings of insecurity, fracture of Mediterraneans 158
11.3. Migrations systems: nomadism or wandering 160
11.4. Conclusion 161
PART 3. MODELS AND CHOREMATICS 163
Part 3. Introduction 165
Chapter 12. Building Models for Spatial Analysis 167
12.1. From spatial organization to models 168
12.2. Choremes 172
12.3. The syntax of choremes or the linguistics of geography 183
Chapter 13. Model Maps and Choremes 191
13.1. Models and choremes 191
13.2. The rules of art 192
13.3. The procedure 194
13.4. "In Poland, i.e. nowhere" (A. Jarry) 195
13.5. The language of maps 198
13.6. Bibliography and References 199
Chapter 14. Models in Geography?A Sense to Research 201
14.1. What is a model? 202
14.2. Refutations 205
14.3. From theoretical practice to necessary hypotheses 208
14.4. Requirements of modeling 210
14.5. Conclusion 214
Chapter 15. Mediterranean Models 217
15.1. The lake 218
15.2. The focus 218
15.3. The straight 219
15.4. The isthmus 220
15.5. The crescents 221
15.6. The barrier 221
15.7. The chott 221
Chapter 16. The Aquitaine Region as a Corner 223
16.1. The southwest corner of France 223
16.2. Openings to seize 226
16.3. Dissymmetries of nature 229
16.4. Two urban systems 231
16.5. Regions and resources 234
Chapter 17. Structural Dynamic of the City of Tours (France) 239
17.1. Administrative center of a province on a Paris radius 241
17.2. The Val effect 243
17.3. The metropolization and the network star 244
17.4. Tours: social inequalities 248
Chapter 18. Analysis and Representation of Spatial Organizations: A Few
Models 253
18.1. Openings 253
18.2. Color images 263
18.3. Other illustrations 263
PART 4. SCALES OF GLOBALIZATION AND MOVING EUROPE 267
Part 4. Introduction 269
Chapter 19. Ways, Forms, and Figures of Globalization 271
19.1. Economic globalization 272
19.2. The global village 273
19.3. Global ecology 275
19.4. How globalization changes the world 277
19.5. Re-differentiations and polycentrism 280
19.6. Contradictions and permanencies 282
19.7. Representations 283
Chapter 20. Aspects of Globalization: the Diamond Revolution 287
20.1. The De Beers empire: a heritage of British imperialism 287
20.2. After globalization by monopoly, polycentric globalization 291
20.3. Rupture and uncertainties at the turn of the millennium 296
Chapter 21. European Fields and Mainlines 299
21.1. The peninsula of the old continent 299
21.2. The European backbone 301
21.3. The Ring 302
21.4. The European trellis 304
21.5. Centralities, barriers and new found solidarities 306
21.6. Conclusions 308
21.7. Appendix: Blue Banana 308
Chapter 22. Transnational Urban Systems in Europe: Towards a New Modernity
311
22.1. Europe as a milieu 313
22.2. Can transnational city systems help Europe? 315
22.3. Conclusions 322
Chapter 23. Russia in Revolutions 325
PART 5. GEOGRAPHY INTO THE CITY PROSPECTS 333
Part. 5. Introduction 335
Chapter 24. Regaining Reason 337
24.1. El sueño de la razón 337
24.2. Unsustainable city 338
24.3. Territories in competition 339
24.4. Si les signes vous faschent 340
24.5. The marshland of Entelechies 341
24.6. Serio ludere 342
Chapter 25. What is Geography? 343
25.1. The field of geography 343
25.2. Geography as a science 345
25.3. Geographies 347
25.4. Geography as an established fact 351
25.5. Applied geography 353
Chapter 26. Geography in the Public Place 355
26.1. As an increased desire for geography 355
26.2. Five equations for fractions of society 356
26.3. Geography as Janus: two sides of the profession 358
26.4. Currents and patterns, or navigating without sinking 360
26.5. For socially useful works 362
26.6. Conclusion 364
Chapter 27. Geography and Human Rights 365
27.1. The difference 365
27.2. Resorting to nature 367
27.3. The revealing space 368
27.4. Conclusion 370
Chapter 28. Dimensions of Sustainable Development 371
28.1. The scale of sustainable development is global 372
28.2. Worldwide contradictions of sustainable development 374
28.3. Local scale: untenable "sustainable city" 378
28.4. The intermediate scales 380
28.5. Conclusions 382
Conclusion. Along the Way 383
Index 385
Author Biography xix
PART 1. GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE PRODUCTION: SYSTEMS AND LAWS 1
Part 1. Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Geography: the Hard Core of a Social Science 5
1.1. The geographical question 5
1.2. Geographical space is produced 6
1.3. The reasons for the production of space 8
1.4. The organization of space 10
1.5. The logical field and the idea of a system in the production of space
13
1.6. The environment and the memories of the system 14
1.7. Geographical figures 16
1.8. Scientific practice 18
1.9. Conclusion 20
Chapter 2. The Geon and Energy of the System 23
2.1. Populations and working forces 26
2.2. Resources to actualize 28
2.3. Information as a source of negentropy 30
2.4. Production means and organization of space 33
2.5. The place of the capital and its distribution 35
2.6. The cybernetics of the system 38
2.7. Back to A 40
Chapter 3. Geographical Fields as the Environment of Places 43
3.1. Cardinal fields 44
3.2. Planetary fields 45
3.3. Cultural fields 46
3.4. The effects of exposure and attraction 47
3.5. Fields and geographical distributions 49
Chapter 4. Laws of Geographical Space Production 51
4.1. Geographic logic and the law of profit 52
4.2. Propositions of laws 53
4.3. Environment in systems 57
Chapter 5. Sense of Distance 59
5.1. Revelation of the distance 59
5.2. Distance measure 61
5.3. Ruptures of the distance 63
5.4. The represented distance: isolation and entrenchment 65
5.5. The distance and difference 67
5.6. End of distance? 70
PART 2. BROKEN SPACE 73
Part 2. Introduction 75
Chapter 6. Discontinuities and Thresholds 77
6.1. Discontinuity theory (1965) 77
6.2. Discontinuities and catastrophism 79
6.3. The region and discontinuity 84
6.4. Back to the discontinuity (1997) 86
6.5. Three examples of discontinuities in the geomorphological processes 89
Chapter 7. Territory Retrenchments 93
7.1. The pure and the wall 94
7.2. Retrenchments at the center 96
7.3. Separated peripheries 99
7.4. Folds and double folds 102
7.5. From retrenchment to res publica 104
Chapter 8. Antiworld and Alienation 107
8.1. Alienation 107
8.2. Antiworld 108
Chapter 9. Free Zones in the International Division of Labor 117
9.1. The territories of the antiworld 117
9.2. The complexity of the concept of international division of labor 119
9.3. The free zones: simplicity of speech, complexity of the roles 119
9.4. The golden belt 121
9.5. Territories without frankness, buccaneering territories 122
Chapter 10. Geography of the Gulag Archipelago 125
10.1. The sources of this survey 126
10.2. Geographical history 127
10.3. The organization of the archipelago 133
10.4. The modes of production 142
10.5. Conclusion 152
10.6. Appendix 153
Chapter 11. Geography of Migrations or the Antiworld in Spate 155
11.1. Waves and currents of emigration 156
11.2. Wanderings of insecurity, fracture of Mediterraneans 158
11.3. Migrations systems: nomadism or wandering 160
11.4. Conclusion 161
PART 3. MODELS AND CHOREMATICS 163
Part 3. Introduction 165
Chapter 12. Building Models for Spatial Analysis 167
12.1. From spatial organization to models 168
12.2. Choremes 172
12.3. The syntax of choremes or the linguistics of geography 183
Chapter 13. Model Maps and Choremes 191
13.1. Models and choremes 191
13.2. The rules of art 192
13.3. The procedure 194
13.4. "In Poland, i.e. nowhere" (A. Jarry) 195
13.5. The language of maps 198
13.6. Bibliography and References 199
Chapter 14. Models in Geography?A Sense to Research 201
14.1. What is a model? 202
14.2. Refutations 205
14.3. From theoretical practice to necessary hypotheses 208
14.4. Requirements of modeling 210
14.5. Conclusion 214
Chapter 15. Mediterranean Models 217
15.1. The lake 218
15.2. The focus 218
15.3. The straight 219
15.4. The isthmus 220
15.5. The crescents 221
15.6. The barrier 221
15.7. The chott 221
Chapter 16. The Aquitaine Region as a Corner 223
16.1. The southwest corner of France 223
16.2. Openings to seize 226
16.3. Dissymmetries of nature 229
16.4. Two urban systems 231
16.5. Regions and resources 234
Chapter 17. Structural Dynamic of the City of Tours (France) 239
17.1. Administrative center of a province on a Paris radius 241
17.2. The Val effect 243
17.3. The metropolization and the network star 244
17.4. Tours: social inequalities 248
Chapter 18. Analysis and Representation of Spatial Organizations: A Few
Models 253
18.1. Openings 253
18.2. Color images 263
18.3. Other illustrations 263
PART 4. SCALES OF GLOBALIZATION AND MOVING EUROPE 267
Part 4. Introduction 269
Chapter 19. Ways, Forms, and Figures of Globalization 271
19.1. Economic globalization 272
19.2. The global village 273
19.3. Global ecology 275
19.4. How globalization changes the world 277
19.5. Re-differentiations and polycentrism 280
19.6. Contradictions and permanencies 282
19.7. Representations 283
Chapter 20. Aspects of Globalization: the Diamond Revolution 287
20.1. The De Beers empire: a heritage of British imperialism 287
20.2. After globalization by monopoly, polycentric globalization 291
20.3. Rupture and uncertainties at the turn of the millennium 296
Chapter 21. European Fields and Mainlines 299
21.1. The peninsula of the old continent 299
21.2. The European backbone 301
21.3. The Ring 302
21.4. The European trellis 304
21.5. Centralities, barriers and new found solidarities 306
21.6. Conclusions 308
21.7. Appendix: Blue Banana 308
Chapter 22. Transnational Urban Systems in Europe: Towards a New Modernity
311
22.1. Europe as a milieu 313
22.2. Can transnational city systems help Europe? 315
22.3. Conclusions 322
Chapter 23. Russia in Revolutions 325
PART 5. GEOGRAPHY INTO THE CITY PROSPECTS 333
Part. 5. Introduction 335
Chapter 24. Regaining Reason 337
24.1. El sueño de la razón 337
24.2. Unsustainable city 338
24.3. Territories in competition 339
24.4. Si les signes vous faschent 340
24.5. The marshland of Entelechies 341
24.6. Serio ludere 342
Chapter 25. What is Geography? 343
25.1. The field of geography 343
25.2. Geography as a science 345
25.3. Geographies 347
25.4. Geography as an established fact 351
25.5. Applied geography 353
Chapter 26. Geography in the Public Place 355
26.1. As an increased desire for geography 355
26.2. Five equations for fractions of society 356
26.3. Geography as Janus: two sides of the profession 358
26.4. Currents and patterns, or navigating without sinking 360
26.5. For socially useful works 362
26.6. Conclusion 364
Chapter 27. Geography and Human Rights 365
27.1. The difference 365
27.2. Resorting to nature 367
27.3. The revealing space 368
27.4. Conclusion 370
Chapter 28. Dimensions of Sustainable Development 371
28.1. The scale of sustainable development is global 372
28.2. Worldwide contradictions of sustainable development 374
28.3. Local scale: untenable "sustainable city" 378
28.4. The intermediate scales 380
28.5. Conclusions 382
Conclusion. Along the Way 383
Index 385
Preface xiii
Author Biography xix
PART 1. GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE PRODUCTION: SYSTEMS AND LAWS 1
Part 1. Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Geography: the Hard Core of a Social Science 5
1.1. The geographical question 5
1.2. Geographical space is produced 6
1.3. The reasons for the production of space 8
1.4. The organization of space 10
1.5. The logical field and the idea of a system in the production of space
13
1.6. The environment and the memories of the system 14
1.7. Geographical figures 16
1.8. Scientific practice 18
1.9. Conclusion 20
Chapter 2. The Geon and Energy of the System 23
2.1. Populations and working forces 26
2.2. Resources to actualize 28
2.3. Information as a source of negentropy 30
2.4. Production means and organization of space 33
2.5. The place of the capital and its distribution 35
2.6. The cybernetics of the system 38
2.7. Back to A 40
Chapter 3. Geographical Fields as the Environment of Places 43
3.1. Cardinal fields 44
3.2. Planetary fields 45
3.3. Cultural fields 46
3.4. The effects of exposure and attraction 47
3.5. Fields and geographical distributions 49
Chapter 4. Laws of Geographical Space Production 51
4.1. Geographic logic and the law of profit 52
4.2. Propositions of laws 53
4.3. Environment in systems 57
Chapter 5. Sense of Distance 59
5.1. Revelation of the distance 59
5.2. Distance measure 61
5.3. Ruptures of the distance 63
5.4. The represented distance: isolation and entrenchment 65
5.5. The distance and difference 67
5.6. End of distance? 70
PART 2. BROKEN SPACE 73
Part 2. Introduction 75
Chapter 6. Discontinuities and Thresholds 77
6.1. Discontinuity theory (1965) 77
6.2. Discontinuities and catastrophism 79
6.3. The region and discontinuity 84
6.4. Back to the discontinuity (1997) 86
6.5. Three examples of discontinuities in the geomorphological processes 89
Chapter 7. Territory Retrenchments 93
7.1. The pure and the wall 94
7.2. Retrenchments at the center 96
7.3. Separated peripheries 99
7.4. Folds and double folds 102
7.5. From retrenchment to res publica 104
Chapter 8. Antiworld and Alienation 107
8.1. Alienation 107
8.2. Antiworld 108
Chapter 9. Free Zones in the International Division of Labor 117
9.1. The territories of the antiworld 117
9.2. The complexity of the concept of international division of labor 119
9.3. The free zones: simplicity of speech, complexity of the roles 119
9.4. The golden belt 121
9.5. Territories without frankness, buccaneering territories 122
Chapter 10. Geography of the Gulag Archipelago 125
10.1. The sources of this survey 126
10.2. Geographical history 127
10.3. The organization of the archipelago 133
10.4. The modes of production 142
10.5. Conclusion 152
10.6. Appendix 153
Chapter 11. Geography of Migrations or the Antiworld in Spate 155
11.1. Waves and currents of emigration 156
11.2. Wanderings of insecurity, fracture of Mediterraneans 158
11.3. Migrations systems: nomadism or wandering 160
11.4. Conclusion 161
PART 3. MODELS AND CHOREMATICS 163
Part 3. Introduction 165
Chapter 12. Building Models for Spatial Analysis 167
12.1. From spatial organization to models 168
12.2. Choremes 172
12.3. The syntax of choremes or the linguistics of geography 183
Chapter 13. Model Maps and Choremes 191
13.1. Models and choremes 191
13.2. The rules of art 192
13.3. The procedure 194
13.4. "In Poland, i.e. nowhere" (A. Jarry) 195
13.5. The language of maps 198
13.6. Bibliography and References 199
Chapter 14. Models in Geography?A Sense to Research 201
14.1. What is a model? 202
14.2. Refutations 205
14.3. From theoretical practice to necessary hypotheses 208
14.4. Requirements of modeling 210
14.5. Conclusion 214
Chapter 15. Mediterranean Models 217
15.1. The lake 218
15.2. The focus 218
15.3. The straight 219
15.4. The isthmus 220
15.5. The crescents 221
15.6. The barrier 221
15.7. The chott 221
Chapter 16. The Aquitaine Region as a Corner 223
16.1. The southwest corner of France 223
16.2. Openings to seize 226
16.3. Dissymmetries of nature 229
16.4. Two urban systems 231
16.5. Regions and resources 234
Chapter 17. Structural Dynamic of the City of Tours (France) 239
17.1. Administrative center of a province on a Paris radius 241
17.2. The Val effect 243
17.3. The metropolization and the network star 244
17.4. Tours: social inequalities 248
Chapter 18. Analysis and Representation of Spatial Organizations: A Few
Models 253
18.1. Openings 253
18.2. Color images 263
18.3. Other illustrations 263
PART 4. SCALES OF GLOBALIZATION AND MOVING EUROPE 267
Part 4. Introduction 269
Chapter 19. Ways, Forms, and Figures of Globalization 271
19.1. Economic globalization 272
19.2. The global village 273
19.3. Global ecology 275
19.4. How globalization changes the world 277
19.5. Re-differentiations and polycentrism 280
19.6. Contradictions and permanencies 282
19.7. Representations 283
Chapter 20. Aspects of Globalization: the Diamond Revolution 287
20.1. The De Beers empire: a heritage of British imperialism 287
20.2. After globalization by monopoly, polycentric globalization 291
20.3. Rupture and uncertainties at the turn of the millennium 296
Chapter 21. European Fields and Mainlines 299
21.1. The peninsula of the old continent 299
21.2. The European backbone 301
21.3. The Ring 302
21.4. The European trellis 304
21.5. Centralities, barriers and new found solidarities 306
21.6. Conclusions 308
21.7. Appendix: Blue Banana 308
Chapter 22. Transnational Urban Systems in Europe: Towards a New Modernity
311
22.1. Europe as a milieu 313
22.2. Can transnational city systems help Europe? 315
22.3. Conclusions 322
Chapter 23. Russia in Revolutions 325
PART 5. GEOGRAPHY INTO THE CITY PROSPECTS 333
Part. 5. Introduction 335
Chapter 24. Regaining Reason 337
24.1. El sueño de la razón 337
24.2. Unsustainable city 338
24.3. Territories in competition 339
24.4. Si les signes vous faschent 340
24.5. The marshland of Entelechies 341
24.6. Serio ludere 342
Chapter 25. What is Geography? 343
25.1. The field of geography 343
25.2. Geography as a science 345
25.3. Geographies 347
25.4. Geography as an established fact 351
25.5. Applied geography 353
Chapter 26. Geography in the Public Place 355
26.1. As an increased desire for geography 355
26.2. Five equations for fractions of society 356
26.3. Geography as Janus: two sides of the profession 358
26.4. Currents and patterns, or navigating without sinking 360
26.5. For socially useful works 362
26.6. Conclusion 364
Chapter 27. Geography and Human Rights 365
27.1. The difference 365
27.2. Resorting to nature 367
27.3. The revealing space 368
27.4. Conclusion 370
Chapter 28. Dimensions of Sustainable Development 371
28.1. The scale of sustainable development is global 372
28.2. Worldwide contradictions of sustainable development 374
28.3. Local scale: untenable "sustainable city" 378
28.4. The intermediate scales 380
28.5. Conclusions 382
Conclusion. Along the Way 383
Index 385
Author Biography xix
PART 1. GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE PRODUCTION: SYSTEMS AND LAWS 1
Part 1. Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Geography: the Hard Core of a Social Science 5
1.1. The geographical question 5
1.2. Geographical space is produced 6
1.3. The reasons for the production of space 8
1.4. The organization of space 10
1.5. The logical field and the idea of a system in the production of space
13
1.6. The environment and the memories of the system 14
1.7. Geographical figures 16
1.8. Scientific practice 18
1.9. Conclusion 20
Chapter 2. The Geon and Energy of the System 23
2.1. Populations and working forces 26
2.2. Resources to actualize 28
2.3. Information as a source of negentropy 30
2.4. Production means and organization of space 33
2.5. The place of the capital and its distribution 35
2.6. The cybernetics of the system 38
2.7. Back to A 40
Chapter 3. Geographical Fields as the Environment of Places 43
3.1. Cardinal fields 44
3.2. Planetary fields 45
3.3. Cultural fields 46
3.4. The effects of exposure and attraction 47
3.5. Fields and geographical distributions 49
Chapter 4. Laws of Geographical Space Production 51
4.1. Geographic logic and the law of profit 52
4.2. Propositions of laws 53
4.3. Environment in systems 57
Chapter 5. Sense of Distance 59
5.1. Revelation of the distance 59
5.2. Distance measure 61
5.3. Ruptures of the distance 63
5.4. The represented distance: isolation and entrenchment 65
5.5. The distance and difference 67
5.6. End of distance? 70
PART 2. BROKEN SPACE 73
Part 2. Introduction 75
Chapter 6. Discontinuities and Thresholds 77
6.1. Discontinuity theory (1965) 77
6.2. Discontinuities and catastrophism 79
6.3. The region and discontinuity 84
6.4. Back to the discontinuity (1997) 86
6.5. Three examples of discontinuities in the geomorphological processes 89
Chapter 7. Territory Retrenchments 93
7.1. The pure and the wall 94
7.2. Retrenchments at the center 96
7.3. Separated peripheries 99
7.4. Folds and double folds 102
7.5. From retrenchment to res publica 104
Chapter 8. Antiworld and Alienation 107
8.1. Alienation 107
8.2. Antiworld 108
Chapter 9. Free Zones in the International Division of Labor 117
9.1. The territories of the antiworld 117
9.2. The complexity of the concept of international division of labor 119
9.3. The free zones: simplicity of speech, complexity of the roles 119
9.4. The golden belt 121
9.5. Territories without frankness, buccaneering territories 122
Chapter 10. Geography of the Gulag Archipelago 125
10.1. The sources of this survey 126
10.2. Geographical history 127
10.3. The organization of the archipelago 133
10.4. The modes of production 142
10.5. Conclusion 152
10.6. Appendix 153
Chapter 11. Geography of Migrations or the Antiworld in Spate 155
11.1. Waves and currents of emigration 156
11.2. Wanderings of insecurity, fracture of Mediterraneans 158
11.3. Migrations systems: nomadism or wandering 160
11.4. Conclusion 161
PART 3. MODELS AND CHOREMATICS 163
Part 3. Introduction 165
Chapter 12. Building Models for Spatial Analysis 167
12.1. From spatial organization to models 168
12.2. Choremes 172
12.3. The syntax of choremes or the linguistics of geography 183
Chapter 13. Model Maps and Choremes 191
13.1. Models and choremes 191
13.2. The rules of art 192
13.3. The procedure 194
13.4. "In Poland, i.e. nowhere" (A. Jarry) 195
13.5. The language of maps 198
13.6. Bibliography and References 199
Chapter 14. Models in Geography?A Sense to Research 201
14.1. What is a model? 202
14.2. Refutations 205
14.3. From theoretical practice to necessary hypotheses 208
14.4. Requirements of modeling 210
14.5. Conclusion 214
Chapter 15. Mediterranean Models 217
15.1. The lake 218
15.2. The focus 218
15.3. The straight 219
15.4. The isthmus 220
15.5. The crescents 221
15.6. The barrier 221
15.7. The chott 221
Chapter 16. The Aquitaine Region as a Corner 223
16.1. The southwest corner of France 223
16.2. Openings to seize 226
16.3. Dissymmetries of nature 229
16.4. Two urban systems 231
16.5. Regions and resources 234
Chapter 17. Structural Dynamic of the City of Tours (France) 239
17.1. Administrative center of a province on a Paris radius 241
17.2. The Val effect 243
17.3. The metropolization and the network star 244
17.4. Tours: social inequalities 248
Chapter 18. Analysis and Representation of Spatial Organizations: A Few
Models 253
18.1. Openings 253
18.2. Color images 263
18.3. Other illustrations 263
PART 4. SCALES OF GLOBALIZATION AND MOVING EUROPE 267
Part 4. Introduction 269
Chapter 19. Ways, Forms, and Figures of Globalization 271
19.1. Economic globalization 272
19.2. The global village 273
19.3. Global ecology 275
19.4. How globalization changes the world 277
19.5. Re-differentiations and polycentrism 280
19.6. Contradictions and permanencies 282
19.7. Representations 283
Chapter 20. Aspects of Globalization: the Diamond Revolution 287
20.1. The De Beers empire: a heritage of British imperialism 287
20.2. After globalization by monopoly, polycentric globalization 291
20.3. Rupture and uncertainties at the turn of the millennium 296
Chapter 21. European Fields and Mainlines 299
21.1. The peninsula of the old continent 299
21.2. The European backbone 301
21.3. The Ring 302
21.4. The European trellis 304
21.5. Centralities, barriers and new found solidarities 306
21.6. Conclusions 308
21.7. Appendix: Blue Banana 308
Chapter 22. Transnational Urban Systems in Europe: Towards a New Modernity
311
22.1. Europe as a milieu 313
22.2. Can transnational city systems help Europe? 315
22.3. Conclusions 322
Chapter 23. Russia in Revolutions 325
PART 5. GEOGRAPHY INTO THE CITY PROSPECTS 333
Part. 5. Introduction 335
Chapter 24. Regaining Reason 337
24.1. El sueño de la razón 337
24.2. Unsustainable city 338
24.3. Territories in competition 339
24.4. Si les signes vous faschent 340
24.5. The marshland of Entelechies 341
24.6. Serio ludere 342
Chapter 25. What is Geography? 343
25.1. The field of geography 343
25.2. Geography as a science 345
25.3. Geographies 347
25.4. Geography as an established fact 351
25.5. Applied geography 353
Chapter 26. Geography in the Public Place 355
26.1. As an increased desire for geography 355
26.2. Five equations for fractions of society 356
26.3. Geography as Janus: two sides of the profession 358
26.4. Currents and patterns, or navigating without sinking 360
26.5. For socially useful works 362
26.6. Conclusion 364
Chapter 27. Geography and Human Rights 365
27.1. The difference 365
27.2. Resorting to nature 367
27.3. The revealing space 368
27.4. Conclusion 370
Chapter 28. Dimensions of Sustainable Development 371
28.1. The scale of sustainable development is global 372
28.2. Worldwide contradictions of sustainable development 374
28.3. Local scale: untenable "sustainable city" 378
28.4. The intermediate scales 380
28.5. Conclusions 382
Conclusion. Along the Way 383
Index 385