Nicholas Sobin

Syntactic Analysis (eBook, PDF)

The Basics

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Highly readable and eminently practical, Syntactic Analysis: The Basics focuses on bringing students with little background in linguistics up to speed on how modern syntactic analysis works. * A succinct and practical introduction to understanding sentence structure, ideal for students who need to get up to speed on key concepts in the field * Introduces readers to the central terms and concepts in syntax * Offers a hands-on approach to understanding and performing syntactic analysis and introduces students to linguistic argumentation * Includes numerous problem sets, helpfully graded for difficulty, with model answers provided at critical points * Prepares readers for more advanced work with syntactic systems and syntactic analyses

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: For Dummies
• Seitenzahl: 192
• Erscheinungstermin: 24. November 2010
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781444390698
• Artikelnr.: 37354607

Autorenporträt

Nicholas Sobin is Professor of Language and Linguistics at The University of Texas at El Paso. He has published numerous articles on various topics in syntax in such journals as Linguistics Inquiry, Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, and the Journal of Linguistics, and has held Visiting Scholar appointments at M.I.T. and Harvard University. He is Professor Emeritus at the University of Arkansas, Little Rock.

Inhaltsangabe

Acknowledgments ix
Abbreviations xi
Introductory Notes and References 1
1 Doing Science with Language: Introductory Concepts 5
This chapter introduces hypothesis formation and testing in the realm of
human language and discusses the paradox of language acquisition. It offers
an initial sketch of the Principles&Parameters approach and the innateness
hypothesis.
2 The Structure and Classification of Words 12
Words are analyzed into roots and affixes. A system of generative word
formation is introduced involving morphemes and word formation rules. Also
discussed are criteria for identifying the lexical class of roots, stems,
and words. Finally, a discussion of the "meaning" of particular affixes
leads to the conclusion that affixes do not have "simple" meanings, but
instead participate with a constellation of other factors to determine
meaning, something referred to as "compositional" semantics.
3 Determining the Structure of Sentences 29
Tests of phrasehood are introduced, indicating the presence of hierarchic
structure within sentences. Also presented is some of the core terminology
of syntactic relations among phrases.
4 Rules of Sentence Structure: A First Approximation 38
Phrase structure rules are introduced as a means of explaining the presence
of hierarchic structure within sentences. Beyond basic phrasal structure,
key concepts such as structural ambiguity and recursion are presented as
further evidence of the efficacy of the phrase structure approach to the
analysis of sentences. Recursion is noted as the key to explaining
"linguistic creativity."
5 Assigning Meaning in Sentences 53
Presented here is the system of determining grammatical function (subject,
object, or adjunct) based on structural position. Building on this, theta
roles and argument structure are introduced, offering an explanation both
of how arguments (subjects, objects, etc.) get their explicit meanings, and
how verbs "choose" the correct complementation pattern.
6 Some Category-Neutral Processes 63
Here, the notion of "category-neutral" processes is first introduced,
paving the way for the generally category-neutral system of X-bar syntax
presented later. The processes discussed here are coordination and proform
insertion.
7 How Structure Affects Pronoun Reference 71
This chapter introduces c-command and some of the phenomena that ccommand
has been crucial for explaining, including the distribution of negative
polarity items, and the Binding Principles, the distribution and semantics
of anaphors and pronominals, and referring expressions. The presence of
such mechanisms as the Binding Principles in the theory of syntax points
offers further support for the innateness hypothesis.
8 Complex Verb Forms 82
The case is made here that auxiliary verbs each head a VP, so that
sentences with multiple verbs involve a recursive VP architecture. Also,
the first transformation, Affix Hopping, is introduced, opening the
discussion of transformational grammar, and the levels deep structure and
surface structure.
9 Real vs. Apparent Sentence Structure 90
Tense affixes are argued here to originate in the same position as modal
verbs do, leading to the claim that deep structure is "abstract," that is,
consistently different in its alignment of elements from that seen in
surface forms. Also discussed is the position of negation and the head
movement rule V-to-T, which raises an auxiliary verb to the position of
tense. All of this expands the transformational view of syntax. Arguments
are presented for the presence of a "null" tense affix in sentences like
"They like beans," making the system of
affixation fully general.
10 Generalizing Syntactic Rules 104
Arguments are advanced that phrases headed by themajor lexical categories
NP, VP, AjP, and PP share the same internal architecture, pointing toward
the conclusion that the rules of the syntactic system are category-neutral
rather than category-specific - instead of having separate rules for NP or
VP, a single, general rule set explains the internal architecture of all
major phrase types.
11 Functional Categories 116
The category-neutral analysis is extended here to functional categories
such as T and C, leading to the conclusion that the system of syntax is
completely category-neutral. The rules of syntax are few and simple. The
specific details of derivations are largely driven by the features and
argument structure of the words/morphemes employed in the derivation. The
concept of parameter setting is developed further.
12 Questions, Relative Clauses, and WH Movement 127
A number of apparent anomalies raised in the detailed consideration of
WH questions and relative clauses are resolved by addition of the
transformation "WHmovement."WHmovement exemplifies phrase movement to a
non-argument position. Apparent "long"WHmovement is shown to be
composed of series of "short" moves. The WH Island Effect is introduced in
connection with this discussion. The syntactic system is argued to be
"constructionless", since its rules apply broadly, across different
construction types.
13 NP Movement 144
Arguments are advanced for the VP-internal subject hypothesis, the idea
that the subject of a sentence originates low, in SpecVP, rather than in
its higher surface position, SpecTP. This indicates the existence of a
rule,NP movement, which searches for an NP low in the structure to fill the
SpecTP position. This leads easily into the analysis of passive sentences,
where no subject appears in SpecVP (due to theta role suppression), so that
Move NP must find another (non-subject) argument to fill the SpecTP
position. NP movement is also central to explaining
subject-to-subject-raising constructions, where a higher clause may "steal"
the subject of a lower clause. Like WH movement, NP movement participates
in deriving a range of constructions, supporting further the view that the
syntactic system is both category-neutral and construction-neutral.
14 Things to Come: Various Aspects of "Current Theory" 160
Here, three further significant aspects of syntactic analysis are sketched
out, anticipating further studies in syntax. These include the unaccusative
hypothesis (the idea that the subject of certain apparently intransitive
verbs actually starts as an object), theVP shell hypothesis (the idea
thatmultiple complements are not "flat" but involve asymmetrical
c-command), and the DP hypothesis (the theory that "traditional" NPs are in
fact DPs, phrases headed by the functional category D).
Appendix 1: Minor Grammatical Categories 167
Appendix 2: Argument Structures 171
Index 174