Jiri G. Drobny, Sina Ebnesajjad

Technology of Fluoropolymers (eBook, ePUB)

A Concise Handbook

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Updated and expanded to provide the audience with the most accurate, compact, and practical source on fluoropolymers. It is a concise but thorough handbook describing the technology of fluoropolymers including thermoplastic and elastomeric products, sustainability of fluoropolymers and environmental studies such as recycling.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Taylor & Francis
• Seitenzahl: 354
• Erscheinungstermin: 21. April 2023
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781000839890
• Artikelnr.: 67527495

Autorenporträt

Mr. Jiri George Drobny

Jiri George Drobny is the President of Drobny Polymer Associates, an international consulting firm specializing in fluoropolymer science and technology, radiation processing and elastomer technology. His career spans over 50 years in the polymer processing industry in Europe, the US and Canada, mainly in R&D with senior and executive responsibilities. Mr. Drobny is also active as an educator, author, and as technical and scientific translator. He is member of the Society of Plastic Engineers, American Chemical Society, Rubber Division of ACS and RadTech International. He resides in New Hampshire.

Dr Sina Ebnesajjad

Sina Ebnesajjad is the founder of FluoroConsultants Group (FCG) and has been the President of the company since 2006. He retired as a Sr Technology Associate in 2005 from the DuPont Co. after 23 years. FCG serves companies in a variety of areas including consulting, custom manufacturing and sourcing fluoropolymers. He is author, co-author and editor of over a dozen technical books including seven on fluoropolymers and three on the surface treatment of materials and adhesives technology.

Inhaltsangabe

PART I OVERVIEW OF FLUOROPOLYMERS
1 Introduction
2 Societal Benefits and Evolution of Fluoropolymers 2.1 Basic Fluoropolymer
Properties 2.2 Examples of Fluoropolymer Properties 2.3 Automotive
Applications 2.4 Aerospace Wire and Cable 2.5 Aircraft Fuel Hose 2.6 Heart
Rhythm Management-ICD 2.7 Pediatric Heart Repair 2.8 Thread Sealant 2.9
Chemical Processing Industry-Lined Pipes, Fittings, and Vessels 2.10
Semiconductor Chip Fabrication 2.11 Biomedical Applications 2.12 PTFE
Micropowders 2.13 Applications of Fluoropolymers in Transportation 2.14
Properties of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 2.15 Delving Deeper into
Properties 2.16 Forces Affecting the Fluoropolymer Industries References
PART II THERMOPLASTIC FLUOROPOLYMERS
3 Synthesis and Properties of Monomers of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 3.1
Preparation of Tetrafluoroethylene 3.2 Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene
3.3 Preparation of Hexafluoropropylene 3.4 Properties of
Hexafluoropropylene 3.5 Synthesis of Perfluoroalkylvinylethers (PAVEs) 3.6
Properties of Perfluoroalkylvinylethers 3.7 Synthesis of
Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) 3.8 Properties of Chlorotrifluoroethylene
3.9 Synthesis of Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF) 3.10 Properties of Vinylidene
Fluoride 3.11 Synthesis of Vinyl Fluoride (VF) 3.12 Properties of Vinyl
Fluoride (VF) References
4 Polymerization of Commercial Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 4.1
Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene 4.1.1 Granular Resins 4.1.2 Fine
Powder Resins 4.1.3 Aqueous Dispersions 4.1.4 Filled Compounds 4.1.5
Modified PTFE 4.2 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) 4.2.1 Industrial
Process for the Production of FEP 4.3 Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Resin 4.3.1
Industrial Process for the Production of Perfluoroalkoxy Resin 4.4
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 4.4.1 Industrial Process for the
Production of PCTFE 4.5 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) 4.5.1 Industrial
Process for the Production of PVDF 4.6 Polyvinyl Fluoride 4.6.1 Industrial
Process for the Production of Polyvinyl Fluoride 4.7 Ethylene
Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) Copolymer 4.7.1 Industrial Process for the
Production of ECTFE 4.8 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Copolymer 4.8.1
Industrial Process for the Production of ETFE 4.9 Terpolymers of TFE, HFP
and VDF (THV Fluoroplastic) 4.10 Terpolymers and Quarterpolymers of HFP,
TFE and Ethylene References
5 Properties of Commercial Fluoropolymers 5.1 Properties as Related to the
Structure of Fluoropolymers 5.1.1 Fluoroplastics 5.1.1.1 Mechanical
Properties 5.1.1.2 Optical Properties 5.1.2 Fluoroelastomers 5.2 Properties
of Individual Commercial Fluoroplastics 5.2.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene
5.2.1.1 Molecular Weight 5.2.1.2 Molecular Conformation 5.2.1.3
Crystallinity and Melting Behavior 5.2.1.4 Mechanical Properties 5.2.1.5
Surface Properties 5.2.1.6 Absorption and Permeation 5.2.1.7 Electrical
Properties 5.2.2 Modified Polytetrafluoroethylene 5.2.3 Copolymers of
Tetrafluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (FEP) 5.2.3.1 Mechanical
Properties 5.2.3.2 Electrical Properties 5.2.3.3 Chemical Properties
5.2.3.4 Optical Properties 5.2.3.5 Other Properties 5.2.4 Copolymers of
Tetrafluoroethylene and Perfluoroalkyl Ethers (PFA and MFA) 5.2.4.1
Physical and Mechanical Properties 5.2.4.2 Electrical Properties 5.2.4.3
Optical properties 5.2.4.4 Chemical Properties 5.2.5 Copolymers of Ethylene
and Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) 5.2.5.1 Structure and Related Properties
5.2.5.2 Mechanical, Chemical and Other Properties 5.2.6 Polyvinylidene
Fluoride (PVDF) 5.2.6.1 Mechanical Properties 5.2.6.2 Electrical Properties
5.2.6.3 Chemical Properties 5.2.7 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)
5.2.7.1 Thermal Properties 5.2.7.2 Mechanical, Chemical and Other
Properties 5.2.8. Copolymer of Ethylene and Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE)
5.2.8.1 Properties of ECTFE 5.2.9 Terpolymer of Tetrafluoroethylene,
Hexafluoropropylene and Vinylidene Fluoride (THV Fluoroplastic) 5.2.9.1
Properties of THV Fluoroplastic 5.2.10 Terpolymer of Tetrafluoroethylene,
Ethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (EFEP) 5.2.11 Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF)
5.2.11.1 Properties of the PVF Polymer 5.2.11.2 Polyvinyl Fluoride Films
and Their Properties 5.2.11.2.1 Chemical Properties 5.2.11.2.2 Optical
Properties 5.2.11.2.3 Weathering Performance 5.2.11.2.4 Electrical
Properties 5.2.11.2.5 Thermal Stability References
6 Processing of Polytetrafluoroethylene Resins 6.1 Processing of Granular
Resins 6.1.1 Compression Molding 6.1.1.1 Preforming 6.1.1.2 Sintering 6.1.2
Other Molding Methods 6.1.3 Ram Extrusion 6.2 Processing of Fine Powders
6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Fabrication Methods for Products from Fine Powders
6.2.2.1 Preparation of the Extrusion Mix 6.2.2.2 Preforming 6.2.2.3
Extrusion 6.2.3 Fabrication of Films, Tapes and Sealing Cords 6.2.3.1
Manufacture of Unsintered Tape 6.2.4 Fabrication of Tubing and Hoses 6.2.5
Fabrication of Thin Walled Pipes and Liners 6.2.5.1 Liner Extrusion 6.2.5.2
Drying and Sintering the Liner 6.2.6 Fabrication of Wire and Cable
Insulation 6.2.6.1 Wire Extrusion System 6.2.6.2 Wire Extrusion Process
6.2.6.3 Drying and Sintering of Wire Insulation 6.2.7 Fabrication of
Expanded PTFE 6.2.7.1 The Expansion Process 7 Processing of
Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics 7.1 Melt-Processible Perfluoroplastics
7.1.1 Copolymers of Polytetrafluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (FEP)
7.1.2 Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Perfluoroalkyl ethers (PFA and
MFA) 7.2 Processing of Other Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics 7.2.1
Copolymers of Ethylene and Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) 7.2.2 Polyvinylidene
Fluoride (PVDF) 7.2.3 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 7.2.4 Copolymer
of Ethylene and Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) 7.2.5 Terpolymers of
Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene and Vinylidene Fluoride (THV
Fluoroplastics) 7.2.6 Terpolymer of Ethylene, Tetrafluoroethylene and
Hexafluoropropylene (EFEP)
8 Applications of Commercial Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 8.1 Applications
of PTFE and Modified PTFE 8.2 Applications of FEP 8.3 Applications of PFA
and MFA 8.4 Applications of ETFE 8.5 Applications of PVDF 8.6 Applications
of PCTFE 8.7 Applications of ECTFE 8.8 Applications of THV Fluoroplastics
8.9 Applications of EFEP 8.10 Applications of PVF 8.10.1 Aircraft Interiors
8.10.2 Architectural Applications 8.10.3 Graphics 8.10.4 Solar Applications
References
PART III FLUOROELASTOMERS
9 Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.1 Manufacturing Process for Fluorocarbon
Elastomers 9.1.1 Industrial Synthesis of Monomers for Fluorocarbon
Elastomers 9.1.2 Polymerization and Finishing of Fluorocarbon Elastomers
9.1.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization 9.1.2.1.1 Continuous Emulsion
Polymerization 9.1.2.1.2 Semi-batch Emulsion Polymerization 9.1.2.2
Suspension Polymerization 9.2 Properties of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.2.1
Properties Related to the Polymer Structure 9.2.2 Properties of Currently
Available Commercial Fluorocarbon lastomers 9.3 Fabrication Methods for
Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.3.1 Mixing and Processing 9.3.1.1 Mixing of
Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.3.1.2 Processing of Fluorocarbon Elastomers
9.3.1.2.1 Calandering 9.3.1.2.2 Extrusion 9.3.1.2.3 Solution and Latex
Coating 9.3.2 Curing of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.3.2.1 Cross-linking
Chemistry 9.3.2.1.1 Cross-linking by Ionic Mechanism 9.3.2.1.2
Cross-linking by Radical Mechanism (Peroxid Cure) 9.3.2.1.3 Cross-linking
by Ionizing Radiation 9.3.2.2 Molding Processes 9.3.2.2.1 Compression
Molding 9.3.2.2.2 Transfer Molding 9.3.2.2.3 Injection Molding 9.3.3
Post-curing Process 9.4 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cured
Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.4.1 Heat Resistance 9.4.2 Compression Set
Resistance 9.4.3 Low-temperature Flexibility 9.4.4 Resistance to Automotive
Fuels 9.4.5 Resistance to Solvents and Chemicals 9.4.6 Steam Resistance 9.5
Formulation of Compounds of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.5.1 Fillers 9.5.2
Acid Acceptor Systems 9.5.3 Curatives 9.5.4 Plasticizers and Processing
Aids 9.6 Applications of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.6.1 Applications of FKMs
9.6.1.1 Typical Automotive Applications 9.6.1.2 Typical Aerospace and
Military Applications 9.6.1.3 Typical Chemical and Petrochemical
Applications 9.6.1.4 Other Industrial Applications 9.6.2 Applications of
FFKM 9.6.3 Applications of FEPM 9.6.4 Applications of FKMs in Coatings and
Sealants 9.6.5 Applications of FKMs as Polymer Processing Additive 9.7
Examples of Fluorocarbon Elastomer Formulations 9.8 Fluoroelastomer Safety,
Disposal, and Sustainability 9.8.1 Safety in Production 9.8.2 Safety in
Applications 9.8.3 Disposal 9.8.4 Sustainability References
10 Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Types of
Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.3 Methods to Produce Fluorinated
Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.4 Commercial Fluorinated Thermoplastic
Elastomers and Their Properties 10.5 Applications of Fluorinated
Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.5.1 Chemical and Semiconductor Industries
10.5.2 Electrical Applications and Wire and Cable 10.5.3 Other Applications
References
11 Fluoro-Inorganic Elastomers 11.1 Fluorosilicone Elastomers 11.1.1
Introduction 11.1.2 Polymerization Process for Fluorosilicone Elastomers
11.1.3 Processing of Fluorosilicone Elastomers and Compounds 11.1.4
Properties of Fluorosilicone Elastomer Compounds 11.1.4.1 Fluid and
Chemical Resistance 11.1.4.2 Heat Resistance 11.1.4.3 Low Temperature
Behavior 11.1.4.4 Electrical Properties 11.1.4.5 Surface Properties 11.1.5
Applications of Fluorosilicone Compounds 11.1.6 Fluorosilicone Liquid
Systems 11.1.7 Toxicity and Safety 11.2 Polyphosphazene Elastomers 11.2.1
Introduction 11.2.2 Fluorinated Polyphosphazene Elastomers 11.2.2.1
Properties 11.2.2.2 Applications References
PART IV TECHNOLOGY OF FLUOROPOLYMER AQUEOUS SYSTEMS
12 Characteristics and Properties of Fluoropolymer Aqueous Systems 12.1
PTFE Dispersions 12.2 Other Perfluoropolymer Dispersions 12.2.1 FEP
Dispersions 12.2.2 PFA and MFA Dispersions 12.2.3 Dispersions of Modified
PTFE 12.2.4 Dispersions of PTFE Micropowders 12.3 Other Fluoroplastic
Dispersions 12.3.1 Dispersions of PVDF 12.3.2 Dispersions of THV
Fluoroplastic 12.4 Fluorocarbon Elastomers in Latex Form References
13 Processing and Applications of Fluoropolymer Aqueous Systems 13.1
Introduction 13.2 Processing and Applications of PTFE Dispersions 13.2.1
Impregnation 13.2.2 Fabric Coating 13.2.2.1 Equipment 13.2.2.2 Formulations
13.2.2.3 Coating Process 13.2.2.4 Lamination 13.2.2.5 Applications of PTFE
Coated Fabrics 13.2.3 Cast Films 13.2.3.1 Process and Equipment 13.2.3.2
Applications of PTFE Cast Films 13.2.4 Processing and Applications of
Dispersions of Modified PTFE 13.2.5 Processing and Applications of
Dispersions of PTFE Micropowders 13.2.6 Other Processing and Applications
of PTFE Aqueous Dispersions 13.3 Processing and Applications of Other
Fluoropolymer Aqueous Systems 13.3.1 Aqueous Dispersions of FEP and PFA/MFA
13.3.2 Aqueous Dispersions of PVDF 13.3.3 Aqueous Dispersions of THV
Fluoroplastic 13.3.4 Fluorocarbon Elastomers in Latex Form 13.4 Health and
Safety 13.5 Disposal of Aqueous Fluoropolymer Dispersions References
PART V OTHER FLUOROPOLYMERS
14 Specialty Fluorinated Polymers 14.1 Amorphous Fluoropolymers 14.2
Fluorinated Acrylates 14.3 Fluorinated Polyurethanes 14.4 Fluorinated
Thermoplastic Elastomers 14.5 Copolymers of Chlorotrifluoroethylene and
Vinyl Ether 14.6 Perfluorinated Ionomers References 15 Applications of
Specialty Fluorinated Polymers 15.1 Applications of Amorphous
Perfluoropolymers 15.2 Applications of Amorphous Perfluoropolymers 15.3
Applications of Fluorinated Polyurethanes 15.3.1 Surface Coatings 15.3.1.1
Solvent-Based Coatings 15.3.1.2 Water-Based Coatings 15.3.1.3 Powder
Coatings 15.3.1.4 Treatments of Textile, Leather, and Other Substrates
15.3.1.5 Medical and Dental Applications 15.3.1.6 Cladding of Optical
Fibers 15.3.1.7 Elastomers 15.3.1.8 Other Applications 15.4 Applications of
Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 15.5 Applications of Copolymers of
CTFE and Vinyl Ether 15.6 Applications of Perfluorinated Ionomers
References
PART VI EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND OTHER VARIABLES ON FLUOROPOLYMERS
16 Effect of Temperature on Fluoropolymers 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Thermal
Stability of PTFE 16.3 Thermal Stability of Copolymers of
Tetrafluoroethylene 16.3.1 Thermal Stability of Fluorinated Ethylene
Propylene (FEP) 16.3.2 Thermal stability of PFA 16.3.3 Thermal Stability of
ETFE 16.3.4Thermal Stability of ECTFE 16.3.5 Thermal Stability of PCTFE
16.3.6 Thermal Stability of PVDF
17 Effects of Environment on Fluoropolymers 17.1 Introduction 17.2
Tetrafluoroethylene 17.3 Perfluorinated Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene
17.3.1 PFA and MFA 17.3.2 FEP 17.4 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer
17.5 Polyvinylidene Fluoride 17.6 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 17.7 Ethylene
Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer 17.8 Polyvinyl Fluoride References 18
Effects of Radiation on Fluoropolymers 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Effects of
Ionizing Radiation on Fluoropolymers 18.2.1 Effects of Ionizing Radiation
on Perfluoroplastics 18.2.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Other
Fluoroplastics 18.3 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Fluorocarbon
Elastomers 18.3.1 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on FKM Type of Fluorocarbon
Elastomers 18.3.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Perfluoroelastomers
18.3.3 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on TFE/P Elastomers 18.4 Effects of
Ionizing Radiation on Fluorosilicone Elastomers 18.5 Effects of UV
Radiation on Fluoropolymers References
PART VII SAFETY AND SUSTAINABILITY
19 Safety Aspects of Fluoropolymers 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Fluoropolymers,
the Essential Plastics 19.3 Polymerization Aids 19.3.1 Replacement of
Polymerization Aids 19.4 Tetrafluoroethylene 19.5 Toxicology of
Fluoropolymers 19.6 Emissions during Processing 19.7 Polymer Fume Fever
(PFF) 19.8 Fluoropolymer Dispersions 19.9 Hygiene and Personal Protective
Equipment References
20 Disposal and Recycling 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Fluorine Ore-Fluorspar
20.3 Melt Processible Fluoropolymers 20.4 Polytetrafluoroethylene 20.5 PTFE
Scrap Sources for Recycling 20.6 Routes to Reuse of Polytetrafluoroethylene
20.6.1 Virgin PTFE 20.6.2 Physical Processing - Recycling 20.6.3 Physical
Processing - Reprocessing 20.7 Disposal of Fluoropolymers 20.8 Chemical
Recycling ("Upcycling") References