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Territories are currently faced with a wide range of environmental challenges, but suffer from a lack of access to the information and biophysical data that characterizes these challenges. Territorial Analysis of Environments sheds light on how the data produced on environmental change needs to be processed, completed and disseminated so that local players can take ownership of it. The aim is to present methods for developing local, regional or even global indicators of the changes underway, as well as to understand the logic of the players acting in a given area. To this end, this book…mehr
Territories are currently faced with a wide range of environmental challenges, but suffer from a lack of access to the information and biophysical data that characterizes these challenges.
Territorial Analysis of Environments sheds light on how the data produced on environmental change needs to be processed, completed and disseminated so that local players can take ownership of it. The aim is to present methods for developing local, regional or even global indicators of the changes underway, as well as to understand the logic of the players acting in a given area.
To this end, this book places great emphasis on the notions of systems and the modeling approaches used to formalize them. It also presents the data available, and the methods for developing an analysis of their spatial dimension. This is based on a wide range of case studies, combining environmental data and stakeholder games.
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Autorenporträt
Etienne Cossart is a university professor and Director of the Environnement Ville Société Laboratory at the Université Lyon 3, France, specializing in physical geography.
Anne Rivière-Honegger is a CNRS Research Director on environmental management and related collective practices.
Inhaltsangabe
Introduction xi Etienne Cossart And Anne Rivière-Honegger Part 1 Interactions and Flows: The Integration of Time 1 Chapter 1 Environmental Issues at the Territorial Level 3 Etienne Cossart 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Consideration of local context effects in environmental changes 5 1.2.1 Principles of downscaling 6 1.2.2 Statistical method to detect local particularities 7 1.2.3 Enriching regional or even global models at the local level 9 1.3 Environmental changes in territorial units 11 1.3.1 MAUP: Modifiable Area Unit Problem 12 1.3.2 Integrating environmental data into territorial grids 13 1.4 Conclusion 18 1.5 References 19 Chapter 2 Temporalities of Environmental Changes 21 Etienne Cossart 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Causalities leading to the emergence of temporal signals 23 2.2.1 Causalities and feedback 23 2.2.2 Emergence and self-organization 24 2.3 Modeling and deciphering temporal signals 25 2.3.1 Qualitative modeling of temporal signals 26 2.3.2 Stock-and-flow modeling 27 2.3.3 Cellular automata 31 2.4 Conclusion 36 2.5 References 36 Chapter 3 Simulating Future Environmental Changes and Their Impacts 39 Matthieu Vignal 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Anticipating changes in environmental systems 40 3.2.1 Simulating evolution scenarios 41 3.2.2 Approach to constructing evolution scenarios 43 3.3 Selecting themes for evolution scenarios 43 3.3.1 Principles 44 3.3.2 Application example 47 3.4 Developing evolution scenarios 49 3.4.1 Principles 50 3.4.2 Application example 51 3.5 Implementing scenarios and validating simulations 54 3.5.1 Principles 54 3.5.2 Example: deforestation simulation 59 3.6 Feedback on the use of scenarios 62 3.6.1 Challenges in achieving exhaustiveness: intention versus feasibility 63 3.6.2 Multiple scenarios: involvement for decision support 64 3.6.3 Towards a necessary co-construction 65 3.7 Conclusion 67 3.8 References 68 Chapter 4 Representations of the Flows Generated by Urban Lifestyle 73 Natacha Gondran 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Representing flows: material and energy flow analyses 78 4.3 Territorial life cycle assessments 84 4.4 Footprints 87 4.5 Conclusion 90 4.6 References 90 Part 2 Integration of Stakeholder Dynamics 97 Chapter 5 Interactions Among Stakeholders Regarding Environmental Issues 99 Muriel Maillefert And Anne Rivière-Honegger 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Stakeholder analysis framework 103 5.2.1 Grid foundation: a collective action approach 103 5.2.2 Context and historical background of the territory 104 5.2.3 Guidelines for stakeholder analysis 110 5.2.4 Coordination analysis 114 5.3 Application to the Dunkirk territory 116 5.3.1 Typology of stakeholders in the Dunkirk territory 117 5.3.2 Stakeholder interactions in the Dunkirk territory 118 5.4 Conclusion 121 5.5 References 122 Chapter 6 Integration of Participatory Science into Modeling Approaches 129 Marc Bourgeois, Yohan Sahraoui, Julie Codina And Pierre-Olivier Mazagol 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Participatory science in environmental geography... 132 6.3 ...and particularly in landscape ecology 133 6.4 Modeling ecological networks 135 6.4.1 The A45 highway project 137 6.4.2 Assessing the impact of development scenarios in the Bordeaux metropolitan area 139 6.4.3 Modeling the ecological networks of the Saint-Étienne metropolis 143 6.5 Summary and discussion 148 6.6 References 150 Part 3 Modeling Complex Environmental Systems 157 Chapter 7 Modeling Anthropogenic Erosive Systems 159 Brian Chaize, Aurélien Christol, Etienne Cossart, Mathieu Fressard And Jessica Pic 7.1 Introduction 159 7.2 Erosion in anthropogenic watersheds: context 160 7.2.1 Landscape structures and erosion: a complex system 160 7.2.2 Landscape structure 163 7.2.3 Landscape and structural connectivity 165 7.3 Landscape structure and sediment production 166 7.3.1 A spatially explicit model: RUSLE 167 7.3.2 Example of spatio-temporal application 168 7.4 Landscape structure and sediment transfer 172 7.4.1 Modeling structural connectivity 172 7.4.2 Example of application in a highly anthropized watershed 174 7.5 Conclusion 178 7.6 References 179 Chapter 8 Modeling Landscape Connectivity and Ecological Networks 185 Marc Bourgeois 8.1 Introduction 185 8.1.1 From landscape ecology to ecological networks 185 8.2 Measuring and spatializing connectivity to identify ecological networks 194 8.2.1 Selection of target species 194 8.2.2 Construction of the land cover map 196 8.2.3 Construction of cost maps 202 8.2.4 Modeling ecological networks 203 8.3 Concrete examples of ecological network modeling 206 8.3.1 The natural urban fabric of the City of Strasbourg: how to model the reconnection of the city's parks using the squirrel and the noctules 206 8.3.2 Integration of regional connectivity in pond restoration: a combined modeling/expert opinion approach 208 8.3.3 Restoration of ecological connectivity: methodological proposal for optimized wildlife crossing locations 210 8.4 Conclusion 211 8.5 References 212 List of Authors 221 Index 223
Introduction xi Etienne Cossart And Anne Rivière-Honegger Part 1 Interactions and Flows: The Integration of Time 1 Chapter 1 Environmental Issues at the Territorial Level 3 Etienne Cossart 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Consideration of local context effects in environmental changes 5 1.2.1 Principles of downscaling 6 1.2.2 Statistical method to detect local particularities 7 1.2.3 Enriching regional or even global models at the local level 9 1.3 Environmental changes in territorial units 11 1.3.1 MAUP: Modifiable Area Unit Problem 12 1.3.2 Integrating environmental data into territorial grids 13 1.4 Conclusion 18 1.5 References 19 Chapter 2 Temporalities of Environmental Changes 21 Etienne Cossart 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Causalities leading to the emergence of temporal signals 23 2.2.1 Causalities and feedback 23 2.2.2 Emergence and self-organization 24 2.3 Modeling and deciphering temporal signals 25 2.3.1 Qualitative modeling of temporal signals 26 2.3.2 Stock-and-flow modeling 27 2.3.3 Cellular automata 31 2.4 Conclusion 36 2.5 References 36 Chapter 3 Simulating Future Environmental Changes and Their Impacts 39 Matthieu Vignal 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Anticipating changes in environmental systems 40 3.2.1 Simulating evolution scenarios 41 3.2.2 Approach to constructing evolution scenarios 43 3.3 Selecting themes for evolution scenarios 43 3.3.1 Principles 44 3.3.2 Application example 47 3.4 Developing evolution scenarios 49 3.4.1 Principles 50 3.4.2 Application example 51 3.5 Implementing scenarios and validating simulations 54 3.5.1 Principles 54 3.5.2 Example: deforestation simulation 59 3.6 Feedback on the use of scenarios 62 3.6.1 Challenges in achieving exhaustiveness: intention versus feasibility 63 3.6.2 Multiple scenarios: involvement for decision support 64 3.6.3 Towards a necessary co-construction 65 3.7 Conclusion 67 3.8 References 68 Chapter 4 Representations of the Flows Generated by Urban Lifestyle 73 Natacha Gondran 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Representing flows: material and energy flow analyses 78 4.3 Territorial life cycle assessments 84 4.4 Footprints 87 4.5 Conclusion 90 4.6 References 90 Part 2 Integration of Stakeholder Dynamics 97 Chapter 5 Interactions Among Stakeholders Regarding Environmental Issues 99 Muriel Maillefert And Anne Rivière-Honegger 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Stakeholder analysis framework 103 5.2.1 Grid foundation: a collective action approach 103 5.2.2 Context and historical background of the territory 104 5.2.3 Guidelines for stakeholder analysis 110 5.2.4 Coordination analysis 114 5.3 Application to the Dunkirk territory 116 5.3.1 Typology of stakeholders in the Dunkirk territory 117 5.3.2 Stakeholder interactions in the Dunkirk territory 118 5.4 Conclusion 121 5.5 References 122 Chapter 6 Integration of Participatory Science into Modeling Approaches 129 Marc Bourgeois, Yohan Sahraoui, Julie Codina And Pierre-Olivier Mazagol 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Participatory science in environmental geography... 132 6.3 ...and particularly in landscape ecology 133 6.4 Modeling ecological networks 135 6.4.1 The A45 highway project 137 6.4.2 Assessing the impact of development scenarios in the Bordeaux metropolitan area 139 6.4.3 Modeling the ecological networks of the Saint-Étienne metropolis 143 6.5 Summary and discussion 148 6.6 References 150 Part 3 Modeling Complex Environmental Systems 157 Chapter 7 Modeling Anthropogenic Erosive Systems 159 Brian Chaize, Aurélien Christol, Etienne Cossart, Mathieu Fressard And Jessica Pic 7.1 Introduction 159 7.2 Erosion in anthropogenic watersheds: context 160 7.2.1 Landscape structures and erosion: a complex system 160 7.2.2 Landscape structure 163 7.2.3 Landscape and structural connectivity 165 7.3 Landscape structure and sediment production 166 7.3.1 A spatially explicit model: RUSLE 167 7.3.2 Example of spatio-temporal application 168 7.4 Landscape structure and sediment transfer 172 7.4.1 Modeling structural connectivity 172 7.4.2 Example of application in a highly anthropized watershed 174 7.5 Conclusion 178 7.6 References 179 Chapter 8 Modeling Landscape Connectivity and Ecological Networks 185 Marc Bourgeois 8.1 Introduction 185 8.1.1 From landscape ecology to ecological networks 185 8.2 Measuring and spatializing connectivity to identify ecological networks 194 8.2.1 Selection of target species 194 8.2.2 Construction of the land cover map 196 8.2.3 Construction of cost maps 202 8.2.4 Modeling ecological networks 203 8.3 Concrete examples of ecological network modeling 206 8.3.1 The natural urban fabric of the City of Strasbourg: how to model the reconnection of the city's parks using the squirrel and the noctules 206 8.3.2 Integration of regional connectivity in pond restoration: a combined modeling/expert opinion approach 208 8.3.3 Restoration of ecological connectivity: methodological proposal for optimized wildlife crossing locations 210 8.4 Conclusion 211 8.5 References 212 List of Authors 221 Index 223
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