Series Editors' Preface xii Acknowledgments xiv Introduction xvi Chapter 1 Origins of the Civil Rights Movement 1 1.1 New York Amsterdam Star
News, "Bus Boycott Ends in Victory," 1941 1 1.2 A. Philip Randolph, "Call to Negro America to March on Washington for Jobs and Equal Participation in National Defense," 1941 3 1.3 James Farmer Recalls the Congress of Racial Equality's Chicago Sit
In in 1942 6 1.4 US Supreme Court, Smith v. Allwright, 1944 8 1.5 Annie L. McPheeters Interview on Grassroots Voter Registration in Atlanta in the 1930s and 1940s 11 1.6 Fifth Pan
African Congress, Declaration to the Colonial Workers, Farmers and Intellectuals, 1945 14 1.7 Journey of Reconciliation, 1947 15 1.8 President's Committee on Civil Rights, To Secure These Rights, 1947 17 1.9 President Harry S. Truman, Executive Order 9981, 1948 22 1.10 Henry Lee Moon, Balance of Power: The Negro Vote, 1948 24 1.11 States' Rights Democratic Party, Platform of the States' Rights Democratic Party, 1948 26 1.12 Congressman Jacob K. Javits, Press Release on Segregation and Discrimination in the Armed Forces, 1950 28 1.13 The Crusader, "Boycott of City Bus Company in Baton Rouge Forces End of Absolute Jimcrow," 1953 30 1.14 Dorothy Height Recalls Her Work with the National Council of Negro Women from the 1930s to the 1950s 31 Chapter 2 Brown v. Board of Education and Massive Resistance, 1954-6 35 2.1 US Supreme Court, McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 1950 35 2.2 United States, Brief as Amicus Curiae, Brown v. Board of Education, 1952 38 2.3 US Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 40 2.4 Arkansas State Press, "After the Court's Decision - Now What?" 1954 42 2.5 US Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education, 1955 44 2.6 Chicago Defender, "Blood on Their Hands ... An Editorial," [Emmett Till] 1955 46 2.7 R.B. Patterson, "Organization of a Local Citizens' Council," 1955 48 2.8 Southern US Congressmen, "Declaration of Constitutional Principles," 1956 49 Chapter 3 The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1955-7 55 3.1 Rosa Parks Recalls Her Role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 55 3.2 Fred D. Gray Recalls His Role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 57 3.3 E.D. Nixon Recalls His Role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 58 3.4 Jo Ann Robinson Recalls Her Role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 60 3.5 Martin Luther King, Jr, "Holt Street Baptist Church Speech," 1955 61 3.6 US Supreme Court, Browder v. Gayle, 1956 64 3.7 Chicago Defender, "Bus Boycotts in 3 Cities," 1956 65 3.8 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Constitution and By
Laws, 1957 68 3.9 Martin Luther King, Jr, "Give Us the Ballot," 1957 69 Chapter 4 The Little Rock Crisis and Desegregation in Education, 1957-62 73 4.1 Gov. Orval E. Faubus, Televised Speech, 1957 73 4.2 Ira Wilmer "Will" Counts, Jr, Elizabeth Eckford and Hazel Bryan, 1957 75 4.3 Daisy Bates Recalls Events at Central High School in 1957 76 4.4 President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order 10730, 1957 79 4.5 Larry Lubenow Recalls Interviewing Louis Armstrong aboutEvents in Little Rock in 1957 81 4.6 US Supreme Court, Cooper v. Aaron, 1958 83 4.7 Ruby Bridges Recalls School Desegregation in New Orleans in 1960 89 4.8 James Meredith Recalls Entering the University of Mississippi in 1962 92 Chapter 5 The Sit
Ins and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 1960 95 5.1 Greensboro News and Record, The Greensboro Four, 1960 95 5.2 Kenneth T. Andrews and Michael Biggs, Map Showing Sit
Ins in the American South, February through April 1960 96 5.3 St. Paul Dispatch
Pioneer Press, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Members Picketing outside Woolworth's for Integrated Lunch Counters, 1960 97 5.4 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Statement of Purpose, 1960 99 5.5 Ella J. Baker, "Bigger than a Hamburger," 1960 100 5.6 Robert P. Moses, "Letter from a Mississippi Jail Cell," 1961 102 Chapter 6 The Freedom Rides and the Congress of Racial Equality, 1961 105 6.1 US Supreme Court, Boynton v. Virginia, 1960 105 6.2 Associated Press, Freedom Riders by Burned
Out Bus, 1961 109 6.3 James Peck Recalls Freedom Riders Being Beaten in Birmingham, Alabama in 1961 110 6.4 Diane Nash Recalls the Nashville Students' Involvement in the Freedom Rides in 1961 111 6.5 John Seigenthaler Recalls Events in Birmingham and Montgomery, Alabama in 1961 114 6.6 John Lewis Recalls the Bus Journey from Montgomery to Jackson, Mississippi in 1961 116 6.7 The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America, Title 49, 1963 117 Chapter 7 Albany, Birmingham, and the March on Washington, 1961-3 121 7.1 Laurie Pritchett Recalls Civil Rights Demonstrations in Albany, Georgia in 1961 and 1962 121 7.2 Freedom Singers, "Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around," 1962 125 7.3 Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, "Birmingham: People in Motion" on Civil Rights Demonstrations in 1962 and 1963 127 7.4 Martin Luther King, Jr, "Letter from Birmingham City Jail," 1963 129 7.5 Afro Newspaper/Gado, African
American Protesters Being Attacked by Police Dog in a Street during Segregation Demonstrations, Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 131 7.6 Michael Ochs, Black Children are Attacked by Firefighters with High
Powered Water Hoses during a Protest Against Segregation in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 133 7.7 President John F. Kennedy, "Report to the American People on Civil Rights," 1963 133 7.8 John Lewis's Original Text of His March on Washington Speech, 1963 138 7.9 Lillian Foscue, "Dead and Injured Taken to Hospital," 1963 140 Chapter 8 The Civil Rights Act of 1964, Freedom Summer, and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 1964 145 8.1 US Congress, Civil Rights Act of 1964 145 8.2 Nina Simone, "Mississippi Goddam," 1964 150 8.3 Charles McLaurin, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Field Report, 1964 153 8.4 Liz Fusco, "The Mississippi Freedom Schools: Deeper than Politics," 1964 155 8.5 Medical Committee for Human Rights, Press Release, 1964 157 8.6 FBI Flyer on Disappearance of Civil Rights Workers Andrew Goodman, James Earl Chaney, and Michael Henry Schwerner, 1964 159 8.7 Fannie Lou Hamer Testimony before Credentials Committee of the Democratic National Convention, 1964 161 Chapter 9 The Selma Campaign and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 165 9.1 William C. Sullivan (Anonymous), Letter to Martin Luther King, Jr, 1964 165 9.2 Martin Luther King, Jr, "Letter from a Selma, Alabama, Jail," 1965 167 9.3 John Lewis Recalls the Events of "Bloody Sunday" in 1965 168 9.4 Sheyann Webb Recalls the Events of "Bloody Sunday" in 1965 170 9.5 Associated Press, An Officer Accosts an Unconscious Woman as Mounted Police Officers Attack Civil Rights Marchers in Selma, Alabama, 1965 172 9.6 President Lyndon B. Johnson Addresses Congress on Voting Rights, 1965 173 9.7 US Congress, Voting Rights Act of 1965 176 Chapter 10 The Civil Rights Movement outside the South, 1965-75 181 10.1 Bayard Rustin, "From Protest to Politics," 1965 181 10.2 Chicago Defender, "Long, Hot Summer Hits Los Angeles," 1965 183 10.3 Whitney M. Young, Jr, "The High Cost of Discrimination," 1965 185 10.4 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, A Proposal for the Development of a Nonviolent Action Movement for the Greater Chicago Area, 1966 187 10.5 Douglas Robinson, "2 Rights Rallies Set Near Chicago," 1966 189 10.6 Associated Press, A Policeman Searches Black Suspects as Buildings are Burned during Unrest Following a Police Operation in Detroit, Michigan, 1967 191 10.7 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 1968 192 10.8 Ruth Batson Interview on Busing in Boston in the Mid
1970s 200 10.9 Louise Day Hicks, Letter to Congressman John Joseph Moakley, 1975 203 Chapter 11 Black Power, 1966 206 11.1 Robert F. Williams, Negroes with Guns, 1962 206 11.2 Malcolm X, "Message to the Grassroots," 1963 208 11.3 John Hulett Interview on the Founding of the Lowndes County Freedom Organization (Black Panther Party) in Alabama in 1965 211 11.4 Stokely Carmichael, "What We Want," 1966 214 11.5 Black Panther Party, Platform and Program, 1966 217 11.6 Larry Neal, "The Black Arts Movement," 1968 221 11.7 Frances Beale, "Double Jeopardy: To be Black and Female," 1969 224 11.8 Angela Davis, An Autobiography, 1974 227 Chapter 12 Vietnam, Economic Justice, and the Poor People's Campaign, 1967-8 231 12.1 Robert E. Holcomb Interview on Vietnam War Experiences in the 1960s 231 12.2 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Statement on Vietnam, 1966 233 12.3 Martin Luther King, Jr, "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence," 1967 236 12.4 US Congress, Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 238 12.5 George Wiley, "Proposal for the Establishment of an Anti
Poverty Action Center," 1966 240 12.6 Richard L. Copley, I Am a Man, 1968 241 12.7 Dr. Sybil C. Mitchell, "The Invaders: The Real Story" on Memphis Demonstrations in 1968 243 12.8 Ralph David Abernathy Recalls the Poor People's Campaign in 1968 245 12.9 Associated Press, Aerial View of Resurrection City, 1968 248 Chapter 13 Affirmative Action, 1960s-1980s 251 13.1 President John F. Kennedy, Executive Order 10925, 1961 251 13.2 US Congress, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 1964 253 13.3 President Lyndon B. Johnson, "To Fulfill These Rights," 1965 257 13.4 Arthur A. Fletcher, "Revised Philadelphia Plan," 1969 265 13.5 Diane Nilsen Walcott, "Blacks in the 1970's: Did They Scale the Job Ladder?" 267 13.6 US Supreme Court, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978 270 13.7 US Supreme Court, Firefighters Local Union No. 1784 v. Stotts, 1984 271 Chapter 14 Legacies of the Civil Rights Movement 277 14.1 The Young Lords Organization, 13 Point Program and Platform, 1969 277 14.2 Lacey Fosburgh, "Thousands of Homosexuals hold a Protest Rally in Central Park," 1970 281 14.3 The Combahee River Collective, The Combahee River Collective Statement, 1977 283 14.4 President Ronald Reagan, "Remarks on Signing the Bill Making the Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr, a National Holiday," 1983 286 14.5 Nelson Mandela, "Atlanta Address on Civil Rights," 1990 288 14.6 Benjamin Chavis, Jr, "Foreword" Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots, 1999 291 14.7 Congressman John Lewis Supports Renewal of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, 2006 294 14.8 Justice Stephen Breyer Dissenting Opinion in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 et al., 2007 296 14.9 Joe Raedle, Barack Obama Declares Victory in Presidential Election, 2008 301 14.10 Children's Defense Fund, Cradle to Prison PipelineR Campaign, 2009 302 14.11 US Supreme Court, Shelby County v. Holder, 2013 306 14.12 US Supreme Court, Fisher v. University of Texas, 2016 308 14.13 Janelle Jones, "The Racial Wealth Gap," 2017 311 14.14 Black Lives Matter, What We Believe, n.d. 312 Index 316
