European societies, especially France, before the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 AD, witnessed a major division between two classes; Old feudal; Which is the king, nobles, and senior agricultural landowners, and the country ruled an absolute rule, as well as its full control over all affairs of the country. The new intermediate bourgeoisie, which was striving to control the country's political and economic capabilities. This division led to the fire of the revolution, which prepared the way to spread the principles of "freedom, brotherhood and equality" in the whole world. And if the feudal forces had already succeeded in extinguishing the revolution, and they were also able to liquidate the rule of Napoleon after that, with the aim of preserving the balance of forces between them, but they witnessed a bitter struggle between them and the national national movements and supporters of freedom in all parts of Europe that lasted until 1848 AD. This part is divided into five chapters and discusses various topics: Chapter Five: Netherlands and Belgium: The national and constitutional struggle in low lands. Chapter Six: Spain and Portugal: The conflict between free and reactionary principles in Iberia. Chapter Seven: Russia (1815--1848: (Continuity in Russia and the abolition of the self -government in Finland and Poland. Chapter Eight: Italy: The "national" struggle for liberation from foreign control. Chapter 9: Germany between (1815-1848: (The struggle is the revolution and reactionary In Prussia and Austria.
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