The Digital Factory for Knowledge (eBook, PDF)

Production and Validation of Scientific Results
Redaktion: Fabre, Renaud; Richou, Louki-Geronimo; Blanquart, Marie; Colin, Lucille; Bensoussan, Alain

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

This book explores how the technical upheavals of the 21st century have changed the structures and architecture of the creation, sharing and regulation of knowledge. From the new economic and technical models of production and dissemination of knowledge, the book deals with all new forms of valorisation. It also explains how the legislative deficit in the world and in Europe, around digital is being filled by new initiatives, such as the law for a Digital Republic, in France. It is therefore a book that provides a valuable follow-up to the book "The New Challenges of Knowledge", of which it constitutes the continuation and operational deepening.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Polity
• Seitenzahl: 198
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. März 2018
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119516569
• Artikelnr.: 53058538

Autorenporträt

Alain Bensoussan, Consultant. Marie Blanquart, Sciences Po Paris, France. Lucille Colin, Sciences Po Paris, France. Renaud Fabre, CNRS, France.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface   xi
Renaud FABRE and Alain BENSOUSSAN
Part 1. Scientific Resources and Data Economy   1
Chapter 1. Data Production and Sharing: Towards a Universal Right? 3
Marie BLANQUART, Thomas DESCOUS and Ewen HUET
1.1. The right to knowledge today: between attempts at universalization and
"self-regulation" by the GAFA 4
1.1.1. Towards the emergence of a universal right to knowledge subject to
divergent economic thinking 5
1.1.2. The recognition of a universal right to knowledge: a "realistic
utopia"? 6
1.2. Platform and scientific community rights: the absence of an upfront
legal framework  7
1.2.1. A system partly caused by the development of the digital sector  7
1.2.2. The now-fragile law attempting to protect the results of research  8
1.2.3. Intellectual property rights   8
1.2.4. The notion of databases and protection by sui generis law 9
1.2.5. Problems with the legal statute of knowledge   11
1.3. The need to elaborate several types of legislation   12
1.3.1. Platform rights 12
1.3.2. Text and Data Mining: the great new stake 14
1.4. Open Science: an achievable goal?  15
Chapter 2. Data: a Simple Raw Material?  19
Bertrand PELETIER and Thomas DESCOUS
2.1. The new generation of data: management issues arising from ownership
rights 19
2.2. How to transform these data into knowledge? 20
2.3. A new knowledge economy is necessary 21
2.3.1. The information war and the stakes of data protection  21
2.4. International scientific publishing: high added-value services and
researcher community   22
2.4.1. The open platform as the preferred tool for sharing and exploiting
data 22
2.4.2. An undeniable added value in processing data brought about by
platforms  24
Chapter 3. New Knowledge Tools   27
Christoph LOHSCHELDER
3.1. Sharing and uncertainty   27
3.2. Platform construction   28
3.3. Machine learning 30
3.4. Promising progress to be qualified...  31
Part 2. The Knowledge Factory 33
Chapter 4. Economic Models of Knowledge Sharing   35
Vincent GIACOBBI
4.1. A quick historic overview 35
4.2. Property and/or sharing   35
4.3. An immaterial good capable of fueling the production of material goods
37
4.4. The large stakes of knowledge production  38
4.4.1. Limits of this model: consistency, reliability and indistinction 39
4.4.2. Business models of knowledge sharing  39
4.4.3. Some numbers 40
4.5. Development prospects allowing for new fields of study and more nimbly
integrating researchers into the economic chain 41
Chapter 5. From the Author to the Valorizer  43
Lucile COLLIN
5.1. The author and the valorizer: conciliation and efficiency of the
interaction 43
5.2. One point on patents   44
5.3. The innovation cycle   45
5.4. The law for a Digital Republic   46
5.5. Scientific openness surpassing ancient legal tools   48
Chapter 6. Valorization: a Global Geopolitical Stake   51
Marie BLANQUART
6.1. A multispeed competition 51
6.1.1. The United States: a country losing its lead   51
6.1.2. French stagnation   53
6.1.3. The expanding Chinese model  54
6.2. International cooperation in the scientific sector   57
6.2.1. A developing European project  57
6.2.2. International organizations   58
Chapter 7. Focus: the Chinese Patent Strategy   61
Vincent GIACOBBI
7.1. Chinese expansion 62
7.2. An inflation of Chinese patents   63
7.3. Some fallbacks in China nuancing its strategic position  65
7.3.1. A fallback in favor of applied research  66
7.3.2. Territorial withdrawal 66
7.3.3. A long certification process with uncertain ends   66
7.3.4. The procedure for submitting a dispute on a patent   67
7.4. Contestable and contested digital supremacy 68
Chapter 8. Artificial Intelligence Policies  71
Maximilian NOMINACHER and Bertrand PELETIER
8.1. Policies concerning "strong" AI   72
8.2. Policies concerning "weak" AI   72
8.3. Policies concerning artificial intelligence safety   74
8.4. From practice to ethics: what is AI's legal status?   75
Chapter 9. New Formulations of Results and New "Markets" 77
Louki-Géronimo RICHOU
9.1. Making universal: establishing common standards of expression 78
9.1.1. Requirement of uniqueness   79
9.1.2. Hierarchy requirement 79
9.2. To adapt: from popularization to simplification   82
9.2.1. Versatility or specialization?   83
9.2.2. Simplifying rather than popularizing 84
9.2.3. Measures following the precautionary principle: archiving and
protection   85
9.2.4. Preserving the researcher while optimizing knowledge for the general
interest during the digital era 85
9.3. Developing the general state of knowledge with care   87
Chapter 10. Open Science: a Common Good that Needs to be Valued?   89
Nicolas MASSEREAU
10.1. A global challenge that must take the economy into account   90
10.2. A wide variety of public policies respond to this challenge   90
10.2.1. Enterprises and States 90
10.2.2. Valorization as a junction point  91
10.2.3. Basic research: competing with applied research?   93
10.3. The French case and international rankings 94
10.4. The limits of the patent system and publication count   96
10.5. Investment tools aiming to correct these failures   98
10.6. How to measure innovation? 100
10.6.1. The university: the first knowledge production framework recognized
by law  100
10.6.2. Research data: a new intangible "place" for producing knowledge 101
10.7. The application of research is not an end in itself   102
Conclusion   105
Renaud FABRE and Alain BENSOUSSAN
Appendices  109
Appendix 1. Extract from the CNRS White Paper: "The Work of Science and the
Digital Field: Data, Publications, Platforms. A Systematic Analysis of the
Law for a Digital Republic"  111
Appendix 2. Extract from the CNRS White Paper "Open Science in a Digital
Republic: Studies and Proposals for Law Application. Strategic
Application Guide" 161
Bibliography  179
List of Authors 183
Index  185