The Handbook of Behavioral Operations (eBook, PDF)

Redaktion: Donohue, Karen; Leider, Stephen; Katok, Elena

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

A comprehensive review of behavioral operations management that puts the focus on new and trending research in the field The Handbook of Behavioral Operations offers a comprehensive resource that fills the gap in the behavioral operations management literature. This vital text highlights best practices in behavioral operations research and identifies the most current research directions and their applications. A volume in the Wiley Series in Operations Research and Management Science, this book contains contributions from an international panel of scholars from a wide variety of backgrounds who are conducting behavioral research. The handbook provides succinct tutorials on common methods used to conduct behavioral research, serves as a resource for current topics in behavioral operations research, and as a guide to the use of new research methods. The authors review the fundamental theories and offer frameworks from a psychological, systems dynamics, and behavioral economic standpoint. They provide a crucial grounding for behavioral operations as well as an entry point for new areas of behavioral research. The handbook also presents a variety of behavioral operations applications that focus on specific areas of study and includes a survey of current and future research needs. This important resource: * Contains a summary of the methodological foundations and in-depth treatment of research best practices in behavioral research. * Provides a comprehensive review of the research conducted over the past two decades in behavioral operations, including such classic topics as inventory management, supply chain contracting, forecasting, and competitive sourcing. * Covers a wide-range of current topics and applications including supply chain risk, responsible and sustainable supply chain, health care operations, culture and trust. * Connects existing bodies of behavioral operations literature with related fields, including psychology and economics. * Provides a vision for future behavioral research in operations. Written for academicians within the operations management community as well as for behavioral researchers, The Handbook of Behavioral Operations offers a comprehensive resource for the study of how individuals make decisions in an operational context with contributions from experts in the field.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 688
• Erscheinungstermin: 16. Oktober 2018
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119138327
• Artikelnr.: 54552847

Autorenporträt

KAREN DONOHUE, PHD, is Board of Overseers Professor of Supply Chain and Operations in the Carlson School of Management at the University of Minnesota. ELENA KATOK, PHD, is Ashok & Monica Mago Professor of Operations Management in the Naveen Jindal School of Management at the University of Texas at Dallas, and a Co-Director of the Center and Laboratory for Behavioral Operations and Economics. STEPHEN LEIDER, PHD, is Associate Professor of Technology and Operations in the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan.

Inhaltsangabe

List of Contributors xvii Preface xxi Part I Methodology 1 1 Designing and Conducting Laboratory Experiments 3 Elena Katok 1.1 Why Use Laboratory Experiments? 3 1.2 Categories of Experiments 5 1.3 Some Prototypical Games 8 1.3.1 Individual Decisions 8 1.3.2 Simple Strategic Games 9 1.3.3 Games Involving Competition: Markets and Auctions 11 1.4 Established Good Practices for Conducting BOM Laboratory 12 1.4.1 Effective Experimental Design 13 1.4.2 Context 15 1.4.3 Subject Pool 16 1.5 Incentives 20 1.6 Deception 24 1.7 Collecting Additional Information 26 1.8 Infrastructure and Logistics 28 References 29 2 Econometrics for Experiments 35 Kyle Hyndman and Matthew Embrey 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 The Interaction Between Experimental Design and Econometrics 37 2.2.1 The Average Treatment Effect 37 2.2.2 How to Achieve Randomization 38 2.2.3 Power Analysis 39 2.3 Testing Theory and Other Hypotheses: Classical Hypothesis Testing 42 2.3.1 Tests on Continuous Response Data 43 2.3.1.1 Parametric Tests 44 2.3.1.2 Nonparametric Tests 45 2.3.1.3 Testing for Trends 47 2.3.1.4 Bootstrap and Permutation Tests 48 2.3.1.5 An Illustration from Davis et al. (2011) 48 2.3.1.6 When to Use Nonparametric Tests 50 2.3.2 Tests on Discrete Response Data 50 2.4 Testing Theory and Other Hypotheses: Regression Analysis 52 2.4.1 Ordinary Least Squares: An Example from Davis et al. (2011) 52 2.4.2 Panel Data Methods 55 2.4.2.1 Dynamic Panel Data Models: The Example of Demand Chasing 57 2.4.3 Limited Dependent Variable Models 60 2.4.3.1 Binary Response Data 61 2.4.3.2 Censored Data 62 2.4.3.3 Other Data 63 2.5 Dependence of Observations 63 2.5.1 A "Conservative" Approach 64 2.5.2 Using Regressions to Address Dependence 66 2.5.2.1 Higher Level Clustering 67 2.5.2.2 How Many Clusters 68 2.6 Subject Heterogeneity 68 2.6.1 Multilevel Analysis: Example Implementation 70 2.7 Structural Estimation 71 2.7.1 Model Selection 73 2.7.2 An Illustration 75 2.7.3 A Word on Standard Errors 76 2.7.4 Subject Heterogeneity: Finite Mixture Models 78 2.8 Concluding Remarks 80 Acknowledgments 84 References 84 3 Incorporating Behavioral Factors into Operations Theory 89 Tony Haitao Cui and Yaozhong Wu 3.1 Types of Behavioral Models 90 3.1.1 Nonstandard Preferences 90 3.1.2 Nonstandard Decision
making 96 3.1.3 Nonstandard Beliefs 100 3.2 Identifying Which Behavioral Factors to Include 100 3.2.1 Robustly Observed 103 3.2.2 One/A Few Factors Explain Many Phenomena 104 3.2.3 Boundaries and Observed Behavioral Factors 104 3.3 Nesting the Standard Model 106 3.3.1 Reference Dependence 106 3.3.2 Social Preferences and Comparison 107 3.3.3 Quantal Response Equilibrium 108 3.3.4 Cognitive Hierarchy in Games 109 3.3.5 Learning 109 3.3.6 Overconfidence 110 3.4 Developing Behavioral Operations Model 110 3.4.1 Parsimony Is Still Important 110 3.4.2 Adding One Versus Many Behavioral Factors 111 3.5 Modeling for Testable Predictions 114 References 115 4 Behavioral Empirics and Field Experiments 121 Maria R. Ibanez and Bradley R. Staats 4.1 Going to the Field to Study Behavioral Operations 121 4.1.1 External Validity and Identification of Effect Size 122 4.1.2 Overcome Observer Bias 123 4.1.3 Context 123 4.1.4 Time
based Effects 124 4.1.5 Beyond Individual Decision
making 125 4.2 Analyzing the Data: Common Empirical Methods 126 4.2.1 Reduced Form Analysis of Panel Data 126 4.2.2 Difference in Differences 129 4.2.3 Program or Policy Evaluations 130 4.2.4 Regression Discontinuity 131 4.2.5 Structural Estimation 132 4.3 Field Experiments (Creating the Data) 133 4.3.1 Experimental Design 133 4.3.2 Field Sites and Organizational Partners 137 4.3.3 Ethics and Human Subject Protocol 139 4.4 Conclusion: The Way Forward 140 References 141 Part II Classical Approaches to Analyzing Behavior 149 5 Biases in Individual Decision
Making 151 Andrew M. Davis 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Judgments Regarding Risk 154 5.2.1 The Hot
Hand and Gambler's Fallacies 155 5.2.2 The Conjunction Fallacy and Representativeness 157 5.2.3 The Availability Heuristic 159 5.2.4 Base Rate Neglect and Bayesian Updating 162 5.2.5 Probability Weighting 163 5.2.6 Overconfidence 165 5.2.7 Ambiguity Aversion 167 5.3 Evaluations of Outcomes 169 5.3.1 Risk Aversion and Scaling 169 5.3.2 Prospect Theory 172 5.3.2.1 Framing 174 5.3.3 Anticipated Regret 175 5.3.3.1 Reference Dependence 177 5.3.4 Mental Accounting 177 5.3.5 Intertemporal Choice 179 5.3.6 The Endowment Effect 181 5.3.7 The Sunk Cost Fallacy 182 5.4 Bounded Rationality 184 5.4.1 Satisficing 184 5.4.2 Decision Errors 186 5.4.3 System 1 and System 2 Decisions 188 5.4.4 Counterpoint on Heuristics and Biases 189 5.5 Final Comments and Future Directions 191 Acknowledgments 193 References 193 6 Other
regarding Behavior: Fairness, Reciprocity, and Trust 199 Gary E. Bolton and Yefen Chen 6.1 Introduction 199 6.1.1 What Is Other
regarding Behavior? 199 6.1.2 Why Other
regarding Behavior Is Important? 199 6.1.3 Two Types of Triggers 201 6.2 The Nature of Social Preferences 201 6.2.1 The Central Role of Fairness and the Approach to Studying It in Behavioral Economics 201 6.2.2 Fairness in the Ultimatum and Dictator Games 203 6.2.3 Reciprocity in the Gift Exchange Game 204 6.2.4 The Trust Game 205 6.2.5 The Role of Institutions in Other
regarding Behavior 206 6.3 Models of Social Preferences 208 6.3.1 What Can These Models Explain: Dictator and Ultimatum Games 211 6.3.2 What Can These Models Explain: Gift Exchange and Trust Games 211 6.3.3 What Can These Models Explain: The Market Game 212 6.3.4 An Intention
based Reciprocity Model 212 6.4 Fair Choice: Stability and Factors That Influence It 214 6.4.1 Example: Quantitative Estimates of Social Preferences 214 6.4.2 Factors That Influence Fair Choice 215 6.4.2.1 Stake Size 215 6.4.2.2 Incomplete Information About Pie Size 220 6.4.2.3 Entitlements 220 6.4.2.4 Social Distance and Physiological Features 221 6.4.2.5 Procedural Fairness 221 6.5 Reciprocal Choice 222 6.5.1 Economic Incentives May Harm the Intrinsic Reciprocity 222 6.5.2 Wage Levels and Firm Profits Affect the Reciprocity 222 6.5.3 Worker's Population Affect the Degree of Reciprocity 223 6.5.4 Do the Experimental Results with Imitated Effort Hold When the Effort Is Real? 223 6.5.5 Maintaining Reputation Is One Motive to Trigger and Sustain Reciprocity 224 6.5.6 Institutional Tit for Tat 225 6.6 Trust and Trustworthiness 226 6.6.1 Building Blocks of Trust and Trustworthiness 226 6.6.2 Innate Triggers for Trust and Trustworthiness: Other
regarding Preferences 227 6.7 Summary: The Empirical Nature of Fair Choice 227 References 229 7 Behavioral Analysis of Strategic Interactions: Game Theory, Bargaining, and Agency 237 Stephen Leider 7.1 Behavioral Game Theory 238 7.1.1 Accurate Beliefs 239 7.1.2 Best Responses 242 7.1.3 Strategic Sophistication 244 7.1.4 Coordination Games and Equilibrium Selection 247 7.1.5 Repeated Games 249 7.1.6 Applications in Operations Management 252 7.2 Behavioral Analysis of Principal-Agent Problems 253 7.2.1 Response to Financial Incentives 254 7.2.2 Financial Incentives in Other Settings: Monitoring, Tournaments, and Teams 256 7.2.3 Reciprocity and Gift Exchange 258 7.2.4 Nonmonetary Incentives 262 7.2.5 Applications in Operations Management 263 7.3 Bargaining 264 7.3.1 Theoretical Approaches 265 7.3.2 Economics Experiments: Free
form Bargaining 266 7.3.3 Economics Experiments: Structured Bargaining 268 7.3.4 Economics Experiments: Multiparty Negotiations 270 7.3.5 Psychology Experiments: Biases in Negotiations 271 7.3.6 Applications in Operations Management 272 References 273 8 Integration of Behavioral and Operational Elements Through System Dynamics 287 J. Bradley Morrison and Rogelio Oliva 8.1 Introduction 287 8.2 Decision
making in a Dynamic Environment 289 8.3 Principles (Guidelines) for Modeling Decision
making 293 8.3.1 Principle of Knowability 294 8.3.2 Principle of Correspondence 295 8.3.3 Principle of Requisite Action 296 8.3.4 Principle of Robustness 296 8.3.5 Principle of Transience 297 8.4 Grounded Development of Decision
making Processes 298 8.4.1 Archival Cases 301 8.4.2 Ethnography 301 8.4.3 Field Studies 302 8.4.4 Interviews 302 8.4.5 Time Series and Econometric Methods 303 8.4.6 Experimental Results and Decision
making Theory 304 8.5 Formulation Development and Calibration Example 304 8.5.1 Erosion of Service Quality 304 8.5.1.1 Employees' Effort Allocation 306 8.5.1.2 Decision Rule in Context 310 8.5.2 Dynamic Problem Solving 311 8.5.2.1 Clinicians' Cue Interpretation 311 8.5.2.2 Decision Rule in Context 313 8.6 Conclusion 313 References 316 Part III Applications within Operations Management 323 9 Behavioral Foundations of Queueing Systems 325 Gad Allon and Mirko Kremer 9.1 Introduction and Framework 325 9.2 The Customer 327 9.2.1 Disutility of Waiting (cT) 328 9.2.1.1 Waiting Cost (cw, cs) 329 9.2.1.2 Waiting Time (Tw, Ts) 331 9.2.2 Quality (v) 332 9.2.3 Abandonments (
(v
i)) 334 9.2.4 Arrivals (
) 337 9.2.5 Queue Discipline (
w) 337 9.2.6 Service Speed (
) 338 9.3 The Server 338 9.3.1 Work Speed (
) 339 9.3.2 Work Content (w) 340 9.3.3 Work Sequence (
w) 341 9.3.4 Quality (v) 342 9.4 The Manager 343 9.4.1 Ambience 343 9.4.2 Capacity 344 9.4.3 Discipline 345 9.4.4 Incentives 346 9.4.5 Information 347 9.4.6 Layout 350 9.4.7 Task 352 9.5 Testing Queueing Theory in the Laboratory 353 9.6 Conclusions and Future Research Opportunities 356 References 359 10 New Product Development and Project Management Decisions 367 Yael Grushka
Cockayne, Sanjiv Erat, and Joel Wooten 10.1 Exploration: The Creative Process 368 10.1.1 Brainstorming 370 10.1.2 Innovation Contests 372 10.1.3 Open Innovation 374 10.2 Plan: From Creative to Reality 376 10.2.1 Cognitive Process 378 10.2.2 Emotions 380 10.2.3 Incentives and Motivation 382 10.3 Execute: From Planning to Execution 382 10.4 Conclusions 385 References 387 11 Behavioral Inventory Decisions: The Newsvendor and Other Inventory Settings 393 Michael Becker
Peth and Ulrich W. Thonemann 11.1 Introduction 393 11.2 Nominal and Actual Order Quantities 394 11.3 Decision Biases 396 11.3.1 Anchoring on the Mean Demand 402 11.3.2 Demand Chasing Heuristic 404 11.3.3 Quantal Choice Model 406 11.3.4 Debiasing the Decision Maker 410 11.4 Utility Functions 412 11.4.1 Risk Preferences 412 11.4.2 Loss Preferences 413 11.4.3 Prospect Theory 414 11.4.4 Mental Accounting 416 11.4.5 Inventory Error 417 11.4.6 Impulse Balance 419 11.5 Individual Heterogeneity 419 11.5.1 Professional Experience 420 11.5.2 Cognitive Reflection 420 11.5.3 Overconfidence 421 11.5.4 Gender 421 11.5.5 Culture 422 11.5.6 Online Platforms 422 11.6 Other Inventory Models 423 11.6.1 Nonobservable Lost Sales 423 11.6.2 Price Setting 423 11.6.3 Stochastic Supply 424 11.6.4 Multiple Newsvendors 424 11.6.5 Multiple Products 425 11.6.6 Multiple Periods 425 11.6.7 Economic Order Quantity Model 425 11.7 Summary and Outlook 426 11.7.1 So, What Have We Learned So Far? 426 11.7.2 What Is Still to Come? 427 Acknowledgments 428 References 428 12 Forecast Decisions 433 Paul Goodwin, Brent Moritz, and Enno Siemsen 12.1 An Introduction to Forecasting Behavior 433 12.1.1 Demand Forecasting 433 12.1.2 An Overview of Human Judgment in Demand Forecasting 435 12.1.3 Where Human Judgment May Add Value 437 12.2 Judgment Biases in Point Forecasting 438 12.2.1 Anchoring and Point Forecasting 438 12.2.2 System Neglect and Other Heuristics in Time Series Forecasting 441 12.3 Judgment Biases in Forecasting Uncertainty 442 12.3.1 Forecasting a Distribution 442 12.3.2 Additional Biases in Forecasting a Distribution 443 12.4 Organizational Forecasting Processes 443 12.4.1 Forecasting Between Organizations 443 12.4.2 Some Best Practices for Organizational Forecasting 444 12.5 Improving Judgmental Forecasting 445 12.5.1 Providing Feedback and Guidance 445 12.5.2 Using Appropriate Elicitation Methods 446 12.5.3 Obtaining Forecasts from Groups 448 12.5.4 Interacting with Statistical Methods 449 12.6 Conclusion and Future Research Opportunities 452 References 453 13 Buyer-Supplier Interactions 459 Kay
Yut Chen and Diana Wu 13.1 Introduction 459 13.2 Coordination with Imperfect Information: The Beer Distribution Game 460 13.2.1 Behavioral Explanations for the Bullwhip Effect 460 13.2.2 Remedies for the Bullwhip Behavior 466 13.3 Relationships Under Incentive Conflicts: Contracting in Supply Chains 468 13.3.1 Contracts Under Stochastic Demand 469 13.3.2 Contracts with Deterministic Demand 474 13.3.3 Contracts and Asymmetric Information 475 13.3.4 Contracts and Bargaining Protocols 477 13.3.5 Impact of Noncontractual Decisions on Channel Relationships 479 13.4 Contracting and Mechanism Design 480 13.4.1 The Traditional Rational Perspective 480 13.4.2 The Behavioral Perspective 481 13.4.3 Behavioral Mechanism Design 482 13.5 Conclusion and Future Possibilities 482 References 484 14 Trust and Trustworthiness 489 Özalp Özer and Yanchong Zheng 14.1 Are There Any Business Case Studies Where Trust and Trustworthiness Matter? 490 14.2 What Is Trust? 494 14.3 What Is Trustworthiness? 496 14.4 How Can We Measure Trust and Trustworthiness? 498 14.4.1 The Investment Game 498 14.4.2 The Forecast Sharing Game 500 14.4.3 Why Do We Use Different Games to Study Trust and Trustworthiness? 503 14.5 What Are the Building Blocks of Trust and Trustworthiness? 504 14.6 Two Remarks on Research Methods (Optional) 509 14.6.1 Spontaneous (One Shot) Versus Reputation (Repeated) 509 14.6.2 Can We Model Trust and Trustworthiness Analytically? 510 14.7 Conclusion 512 Appendix 14.A A Selected Overview of Additional Decision Games for Studying Trust 515 References 519 15 Behavioral Research in Competitive Bidding and Auction Design 525 Wedad Elmaghraby and Elena Katok 15.1 Overview of Behavioral Operations Research on Auctions 525 15.1.1 Auction Basics 526 15.2 What We Learned from Experimental Economics Literature on Forward Auctions 527 15.2.1 Tests of Revenue Equivalence 527 15.2.1.1 Sealed
bid First Price vs. Dutch 527 15.2.1.2 Sealed
Bid Second Price vs. English 528 15.2.2 Why Is Bidding Too Aggressive in Sealed
bid Auctions 528 15.2.3 Auctions with Asymmetric Bidders 529 15.3 Buyer
determined Auctions 530 15.3.1 The Basic Model of Auctions with Nonprice Attributes 531 15.3.2 The Effect of Nonprice Attribute Information 531 15.4 Relationships and Moral Hazard in Auctions 532 15.4.1 Reputation in Auctions 532 15.4.2 Trust and Trustworthiness in Buyer
determined Auctions 534 15.5 Empirical Findings on Bidder Behavior, Judgment, and Decisionmaking Bias 534 15.5.1 Starting Prices and Herding Behavior 536 15.5.2 Reference Prices in Auctions 537 15.6 Supply Risk 542 15.6.1 Supplier Selection Under Supply Risk 542 15.6.2 Qualification Screening and Incumbency 542 15.7 Elements of Auction Design 543 15.7.1 Reserve Prices 543 15.7.2 Ending Rules 544 15.7.3 Bid Increments and Jump Bidding 545 15.7.4 Rank
based Feedback 545 15.7.5 Multisourcing 546 15.8 Comparing and Combining Auctions with Negotiations 547 15.8.1 Sequential Mechanism 547 15.8.2 Post
auction Negotiation 548 15.8.3 Multiunit Setting 550 15.9 Ongoing and Future Directions 550 References 552 16 Strategic Interactions in Transportation Networks 557 Amnon Rapoport and Vincent Mak 16.1 Introduction 557 16.1.1 Basic Notions and Chapter Organization 558 16.2 Experiments on Route Choice in Networks with Fixed Architecture 559 16.2.1 Selten et al. (2007) 561 16.2.2 Mak, Gisches, and Rapoport (2015) 562 16.2.3 Summary 564 16.3 Experiments on Traffic Paradoxes 564 16.4 Experiments on the Pigou-Knight-Downs Paradox 565 16.4.1 Morgan, Orzen, and Sefton (2009) 566 16.4.2 Hartman (2012) 567 16.4.3 Summary 567 16.5 Experiments on the Downs-Thomson Paradox 568 16.5.1 Denant
Boèmont and Hammiche (2010) 568 16.5.2 Dechenaux, Mago, and Razzolini (2014) 568 16.5.3 Summary 569 16.6 Experiments on the Braess Paradox 569 16.6.1 Morgan, Orzen, and Sefton (2009) 570 16.6.2 Rapoport et al. (2009) 572 16.6.3 Gisches and Rapoport (2012) 574 16.6.4 Rapoport, Gisches, and Mak (2014) 575 16.6.5 Rapoport, Mak, and Zwick (2006) 576 16.6.6 Summary 578 16.7 Discussion and Conclusions 579 Acknowledgment 581 References 581 17 Incorporating Customer Behavior into Operational Decisions 587 Anton Ovchinnikov 17.1 How to Think About "Behaviors" in Operational Settings: Customer Journey Maps 588 17.1.1 What Are the Main Kinds of Behaviors to Think About? 590 17.2 The "Before" Behaviors 591 17.3.1 Assortment Management 596 17.3.2 Inventory 597 17.3.3 Quality 599 17.3.4 Location 600 17.3.5 Physical Facility Design and "Atmospherics" 600 17.3.6 Virtual "Facility" Design 601 17.3.7 Price Optimization and Dynamic Pricing 601 17.3.8 Dynamic Pricing 602 17.3.9 New Product Introductions 605 17.3.10 Product Reuse, Returns, and Recycling 606 17.3.11 Summary of the "During" Behaviors 606 17.4 The "After" Behaviors 607 17.5 Concluding Remarks 612 Acknowledgments 612 References 612 18 The Future Is Bright: Recent Trends and Emerging Topics in Behavioral Operations 619 Karen Donohue and Kenneth Schultz 18.1 Introduction 619 18.2 Current Research Trends 620 18.2.1 Methodological Observations 621 18.2.2 OM Context Observations 624 18.3 Emerging Behavioral Operations Topics 627 18.3.1 Behavioral Issues in Healthcare Operations 627 18.3.1.1 Current Research Examples 628 18.3.1.2 Future Research Needs 630 18.3.2 Behavioral Issues in Retail Operations 632 18.3.2.1 Current Research Examples 633 18.3.2.2 Future Research Needs 634 18.3.3 Behavioral Issues in Social and Sustainable Operations 636 18.3.3.1 Current Research Examples 638 18.3.3.2 Future Research Needs 639 18.3.4 Behavioral Issues in Supply Chain Risk 640 18.3.4.1 Current Research Examples 641 18.3.4.2 Future Research Needs 642 18.4 Final Remarks 643 Acknowledgments 645 References 645 Index 653