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The Human Footprint: A Global Environmental History, Second Edition, presents a multidisciplinary global history of Earth from its origins to the present day. * Provides a comprehensive, global, multidisciplinary history of the planet from its earliest origins to the present era * Draws on the most recent research in geology, climatology, evolutionary biology, archaeology, anthropology, history, demography and the social and physical sciences * Features the latest research findings on planetary history, human evolution, the green agricultural revolution, climate change, global warming and the…mehr
The Human Footprint: A Global Environmental History, Second Edition, presents a multidisciplinary global history of Earth from its origins to the present day. * Provides a comprehensive, global, multidisciplinary history of the planet from its earliest origins to the present era * Draws on the most recent research in geology, climatology, evolutionary biology, archaeology, anthropology, history, demography and the social and physical sciences * Features the latest research findings on planetary history, human evolution, the green agricultural revolution, climate change, global warming and the nature of world/human history interdependencies * Offers in-depth analyses of topics relating to human evolution, agriculture, population growth, urbanization, manufacturing, consumption, industrialization, and fossil fuel dependency.
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Anthony N. Penna is Professor Emeritus of History, Northeastern University. His books include Nature's Bounty: Historical and Modern Environmental Perspectives (1999), Remaking Boston: An Environmental History of the City and Its Surroundings (co-editor, 2009), and Natural Disasters in a Global Environment (co-author; Wiley, 2013).
Inhaltsangabe
List of Figures xiii Acknowledgments xvii Introduction 1 The Nature of World History 1 The Nature of Big History 2 The Nature of World Environmental History 3 Earth's History and Human Origins 3 Mass Migrations and the Rise of Agriculture 4 Population Growth and the Rise of Cities 8 Cities and the Rise of Manufacturing and Industry 9 World Trade and New World Ecology 10 Fossil Fuels and Climate Change 11 Notes 12 1 An Evolving Earth 15 Introduction 15 The Origins of Earth and Its Unique Atmosphere: From Hot to Cold Planet 16 Icehouse Planet and Greenhouse Planet 18 Plate Tectonics, Super-continents, and Climate Change 20 The Warming 21 The Cooling 25 The Elevation of the Tibetan Plateau and Its Effect on the Global Climate 26 The Birth, Death, and Rebirth of the Mediterranean Sea and Its Hemispheric Environmental Effects 32 The Impact of the Isthmus of Panama on Global Climate Change 34 The Mid-Pliocene, Glacial and Interglacial Cycles, and "Modern" Times 35 Notes 38 2 Evolving Humanity 41 Introduction 41 Climatic Changes and Evolution 42 Another Effect of the Closing of the Mediterranean Sea 44 Human Ancestry 45 The Birth of Human Intelligence 46 Early Diets and Their Nutritional Value 51 Translating Human Intelligence into Action 54 Tectonic Upheavals, Landscape Changes, and Climate 55 Population Migration and Expansion 56 Homo Neanderthalensis vs. Homo Sapiens 58 The Broad Spectrum: An Economic Revolution 63 Notes 65 3 Foraging, Cultivating, and Food Production 69 Introduction 69 Early Farming and a Warming Climate 70 Settlement and Domestication 72 Early Agricultural Communities 74 Early Agriculture in China 77 Early Agriculture in Africa 79 Early Agriculture in Mesoamerica 80 Early Agriculture in Europe 81 World Agriculture during the Age of Manufacture and Industry 82 The First Green Revolution, 1840-1930 87 The Second Green Revolution, 1945- 88 Agro-business, Food Prices, and Climate Change 94 Notes 95 4 Populating the Earth: Diet, Domestication, and Disease 99 Introduction 99 A Modern Demographic Scenario 100 The Role of Disease in Calculating Population Size 102 The Impact of Migration and Settlement on Global Population Growth 106 The Role of Nutrition in Early Population Growth 107 The Role of Animal Domestication in the Spread of Infectious Disease 110 Nutrition, Climate Change, and Population 113 A Population Bomb or Not? 120 Notes 125 5 The Making of an Urban World 128 Introduction 128 What Does "Urban" Mean? 134 Early Urbanization and Its Environmental Effects 135 Ancient Urbanization 137 The Origin ofWriting 140 The Impact of Changing Rivers on Environmental Quality 143 Urbanization in the Indus Valley 145 China's Early Cities 150 Ancient Mesoamerican Cities 152 Early European Cities 154 Notes 160 6 Mining, Making, and Manufacturing 163 Introduction 163 The Age of Copper and Bronze 166 The Effects of Ancient Mining on Human Health and the Environment 171 Mining in the Roman World 174 The Age of Iron 178 Iron-Making in China and India 180 Iron-Making in Premodern Europe 184 Manufacturing in West Africa, 1350-1800 CE 190 Manufacturing in Colonial America 192 Manufacturing in the Modern World 193 Notes 193 7 Industrial Work 196 Introduction 196 The Economies of China and India 196 European Hegemony and British Industrialization 198 Economic Developments in China, Japan, and India 199 Harnessing the Power of Water 203 Disease, Death, and a Public Health Response 205 The Power of Steam 208 The Role of Invention and Innovation 211 Comparing Industrialization in the United States and Britain 212 Coal, Iron, and Steel 222 Industrial Transformation and Global Auto Mobility 228 Notes 231 8 Trade and Consumption 235 Introduction 235 Global Trading Networks 236 Distancing Consumers from Producers 237 Material Goods 240 Luxury Foods Become Commodities 244 Tobacco 244 Sugar 249 Coffee and Tea 253 Environmental Effects of Increased Cultivation of Coffee 257 Conspicuous Consumption 258 Global Consumption 260 The Automobile and Electronics in Emerging Markets 263 The Great Recession, 2008-2013 264 Notes 265 9 Fossil Fuels and Wind, Water, Nuclear, and Solar Energy 269 Introduction 269 The Eotechnic World: Waterwheels and Windmills 270 The Paleotechnic World: Energy from Coal 280 The Neotechnic World: Energy from Oil 286 The Developing World's Demands for Energy 298 The Case for Natural Gas: A Neotechnic Energy Solution 299 Hydraulic Fracturing of Rock, or "Fracking," to Release Natural Gas Deposits 300 The Case for Nuclear Energy: Another Neotechnic Solution 302 The Case for Renewable Wind and Solar Power: A Return to the Eotechnic 303 Notes 309 10 A Warming Climate 312 Introduction 312 The Rise and Fall of the Mayan Civilization 315 The Medieval Warm Period (1000-1300 CE) and Little Ice Age (1300-1850 CE) 316 Current Global Climate Conditions 319 The Role of Solar Energy 322 The Role of the Atlantic Circulation Energy Exchange 323 The Role of Fossil Fuel Emissions 324 What Is to Be Done? 329 Notes 333 Epilogue 336 Notes 342 Index 343
List of Figures xiii Acknowledgments xvii Introduction 1 The Nature of World History 1 The Nature of Big History 2 The Nature of World Environmental History 3 Earth's History and Human Origins 3 Mass Migrations and the Rise of Agriculture 4 Population Growth and the Rise of Cities 8 Cities and the Rise of Manufacturing and Industry 9 World Trade and New World Ecology 10 Fossil Fuels and Climate Change 11 Notes 12 1 An Evolving Earth 15 Introduction 15 The Origins of Earth and Its Unique Atmosphere: From Hot to Cold Planet 16 Icehouse Planet and Greenhouse Planet 18 Plate Tectonics, Super-continents, and Climate Change 20 The Warming 21 The Cooling 25 The Elevation of the Tibetan Plateau and Its Effect on the Global Climate 26 The Birth, Death, and Rebirth of the Mediterranean Sea and Its Hemispheric Environmental Effects 32 The Impact of the Isthmus of Panama on Global Climate Change 34 The Mid-Pliocene, Glacial and Interglacial Cycles, and "Modern" Times 35 Notes 38 2 Evolving Humanity 41 Introduction 41 Climatic Changes and Evolution 42 Another Effect of the Closing of the Mediterranean Sea 44 Human Ancestry 45 The Birth of Human Intelligence 46 Early Diets and Their Nutritional Value 51 Translating Human Intelligence into Action 54 Tectonic Upheavals, Landscape Changes, and Climate 55 Population Migration and Expansion 56 Homo Neanderthalensis vs. Homo Sapiens 58 The Broad Spectrum: An Economic Revolution 63 Notes 65 3 Foraging, Cultivating, and Food Production 69 Introduction 69 Early Farming and a Warming Climate 70 Settlement and Domestication 72 Early Agricultural Communities 74 Early Agriculture in China 77 Early Agriculture in Africa 79 Early Agriculture in Mesoamerica 80 Early Agriculture in Europe 81 World Agriculture during the Age of Manufacture and Industry 82 The First Green Revolution, 1840-1930 87 The Second Green Revolution, 1945- 88 Agro-business, Food Prices, and Climate Change 94 Notes 95 4 Populating the Earth: Diet, Domestication, and Disease 99 Introduction 99 A Modern Demographic Scenario 100 The Role of Disease in Calculating Population Size 102 The Impact of Migration and Settlement on Global Population Growth 106 The Role of Nutrition in Early Population Growth 107 The Role of Animal Domestication in the Spread of Infectious Disease 110 Nutrition, Climate Change, and Population 113 A Population Bomb or Not? 120 Notes 125 5 The Making of an Urban World 128 Introduction 128 What Does "Urban" Mean? 134 Early Urbanization and Its Environmental Effects 135 Ancient Urbanization 137 The Origin ofWriting 140 The Impact of Changing Rivers on Environmental Quality 143 Urbanization in the Indus Valley 145 China's Early Cities 150 Ancient Mesoamerican Cities 152 Early European Cities 154 Notes 160 6 Mining, Making, and Manufacturing 163 Introduction 163 The Age of Copper and Bronze 166 The Effects of Ancient Mining on Human Health and the Environment 171 Mining in the Roman World 174 The Age of Iron 178 Iron-Making in China and India 180 Iron-Making in Premodern Europe 184 Manufacturing in West Africa, 1350-1800 CE 190 Manufacturing in Colonial America 192 Manufacturing in the Modern World 193 Notes 193 7 Industrial Work 196 Introduction 196 The Economies of China and India 196 European Hegemony and British Industrialization 198 Economic Developments in China, Japan, and India 199 Harnessing the Power of Water 203 Disease, Death, and a Public Health Response 205 The Power of Steam 208 The Role of Invention and Innovation 211 Comparing Industrialization in the United States and Britain 212 Coal, Iron, and Steel 222 Industrial Transformation and Global Auto Mobility 228 Notes 231 8 Trade and Consumption 235 Introduction 235 Global Trading Networks 236 Distancing Consumers from Producers 237 Material Goods 240 Luxury Foods Become Commodities 244 Tobacco 244 Sugar 249 Coffee and Tea 253 Environmental Effects of Increased Cultivation of Coffee 257 Conspicuous Consumption 258 Global Consumption 260 The Automobile and Electronics in Emerging Markets 263 The Great Recession, 2008-2013 264 Notes 265 9 Fossil Fuels and Wind, Water, Nuclear, and Solar Energy 269 Introduction 269 The Eotechnic World: Waterwheels and Windmills 270 The Paleotechnic World: Energy from Coal 280 The Neotechnic World: Energy from Oil 286 The Developing World's Demands for Energy 298 The Case for Natural Gas: A Neotechnic Energy Solution 299 Hydraulic Fracturing of Rock, or "Fracking," to Release Natural Gas Deposits 300 The Case for Nuclear Energy: Another Neotechnic Solution 302 The Case for Renewable Wind and Solar Power: A Return to the Eotechnic 303 Notes 309 10 A Warming Climate 312 Introduction 312 The Rise and Fall of the Mayan Civilization 315 The Medieval Warm Period (1000-1300 CE) and Little Ice Age (1300-1850 CE) 316 Current Global Climate Conditions 319 The Role of Solar Energy 322 The Role of the Atlantic Circulation Energy Exchange 323 The Role of Fossil Fuel Emissions 324 What Is to Be Done? 329 Notes 333 Epilogue 336 Notes 342 Index 343
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