The Human Microbiota and Chronic Disease (eBook, ePUB)

Dysbiosis as a Cause of Human Pathology
Redaktion: Nibali, Luigi; Henderson, Brian

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Microbiota-associated pathology can be a direct result of changes in general bacterial composition, such as might be found in periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis, and/or as the result of colonization and/or overgrowth of so called keystone species. The disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota, or dysbiosis, plays an integral role in human health and human disease. The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease: Dysbioses as a Cause of Human Pathology discusses the role of the microbiota in maintaining human health. The text introduces the reader to the biology of microbial dysbiosis and its potential role in both bacterial disease and in idiopathic chronic disease states. Divided into five sections, the text delineates the concept of the human bacterial microbiota with particular attention being paid to the microbiotae of the gut, oral cavity and skin. A key methodology for exploring the microbiota, metagenomics, is also described. The book then shows the reader the cellular, molecular and genetic complexities of the bacterial microbiota, its myriad connections with the host and how these can maintain tissue homeostasis. Chapters then consider the role of dysbioses in human disease states, dealing with two of the commonest bacterial diseases of humanity - periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis. The composition of some, if not all microbiotas can be controlled by the diet and this is also dealt with in this section. The discussion moves on to the major 'idiopathic' diseases afflicting humans, and the potential role that dysbiosis could play in their induction and chronicity. The book then concludes with the therapeutic potential of manipulating the microbiota, introducing the concepts of probiotics, prebiotics and the administration of healthy human faeces (faecal microbiota transplantation), and then hypothesizes as to the future of medical treatment viewed from a microbiota-centric position. * Provides an introduction to dysbiosis, or a disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota * Explains how microbiota-associated pathology and other chronic diseases can result from changes in general bacterial composition * Explores the relationship humans have with their microbiota, and its significance in human health and disease * Covers host genetic variants and their role in the composition of human microbial biofilms, integral to the relationship between human health and human disease Authored and edited by leaders in the field, The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease will be an invaluable resource for clinicians, pathologists, immunologists, cell and molecular biologists, biochemists, and system biologists studying cellular and molecular bases of human diseases.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 544
• Erscheinungstermin: 5. August 2016
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118982891
• Artikelnr.: 45682610

Autorenporträt

Luigi Nibali is a Senior Clinical Lecturer in the Clinical Oral Research Centre, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University London in London, UK. Brian Henderson is a Professor of Microbial Diseases in the School of Life and Medical Sciences at University College London in London, UK.

Inhaltsangabe

List of contributors, xvii
Preface, xxi

Section 1 An introduction to the human tissue microbiome, 1
1 The human microbiota: an historical perspective, 3
Mike Wilson
1.1 Introduction: the discovery of the human microbiota: why do we care?, 3
1.2 The importance of the indigenous microbiota in health and disease, 3
1.3 The development of technologies for characterising the indigenous microbiota, 8
1.4 Culture?]independent approaches to microbial community analysis, 29
1.5 Determination of microbial community functions, 31
1.6 Closing remarks, 32
Take?]home message, 32
References, 33
2 An introduction to microbial dysbiosis, 37
Mike Curtis
2.1 Definition of dysbiosis, 37
2.2 The 'normal' microbiota, 38
2.3 Main features of dysbiosis, 45
2.4 Conclusions, 49
Take?]home message, 53
Acknowledgment, 53
References, 53
3 The gut microbiota: an integrated interactive system, 55
Hervé M. Blottière and Joël Doré
3.1 Introduction, 55
3.2 Who is there, how is it composed?, 56
3.3 A system in interaction with food, 58
3.4 A system highly impacted by the host, 61
3.5 A system in interaction with human cells, 62
3.6 Conclusion: an intriguing integrated interactive system deserving further study, 63
Take?]home message, 63
References, 63
4 The oral microbiota, 67
W. G. Wade
4.1 Introduction, 67
4.2 Composition of the oral microbiome, 68
4.3 The oral microbiota in health, 71
4.4 Role of oral microbiome in disease, 73
4.5 Future outlook, 75
Take?]home message, 75
References, 76
5 The skin microbiota, 81
P.L.J.M. Zeeuwen and J. Schalkwijk
5.1 Normal skin, 81
5.2 Skin diseases, 83
5.3 Experimental studies, 87
5.4 Dynamics of the skin microbiome, 87
5.5 Axillary skin microbiome transplantation, 89
5.6 Mouse skin microbiome studies, 89
5.7 Concluding remarks, 90
Take?]home message, 90
References, 90
6 Metagenomic analysis of the human microbiome, 95
Luis G. Bermúdez?]Humarán
6.1 Introduction, 95
6.2 The human microbiome, 96
6.3 Changes in microbiota composition during host life cycles, 97
6.4 The human microbiome and the environment, 98
6.5 Disease and health implications of microbiome, 99
6.6 Conclusions, 105
Take?]home message, 105
References, 106
Section 2
Microbiota-microbiota and microbiota-host interactions in health and disease, 113
7 Systems biology of bacteria?]host interactions, 115
Almut Heinken, Dmitry A. Ravcheev and Ines Thiele
7.1 Introduction, 115
7.2 Computational analysis of host?]microbe interactions, 118
7.3 Network?]based modeling, 121
7.4 Other computational modeling approaches, 127
7.5 Conclusion, 129
Take?]home message, 130
Acknowledgments, 130
References, 131
8 Bacterial biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms, 139
Jessica Snowden
8.1 Introduction, 139
8.2 Biofilms in human disease, 139
8.3 Biofilm formation, 141
8.4 Immune responses to biofilms, 143
8.5 Biofilm immune evasion strategies, 147
8.6 Vaccines and biofilm therapeutics, 148
8.7 Conclusions, 149
Take?]home message, 149
References, 150
9 Co?]evolution of microbes and immunity and its consequences
for modern?]day life, 155
Markus B. Geuking
9.1 Introduction, 155
9.2 Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution, 156
9.3 Evolution of the (innate and adaptive) immune system, 157
9.4 Hygiene hypothesis, 159
9.5 What drives the composition of the microbiota?, 160
9.6 The pace of evolution, 161
Take?]home message, 162
References, 162
10 How viruses and bacteria have shaped the human genome: the implications for disease, 165
Frank Ryan
10.1 Genetic symbiosis, 165
10.2 Mitochondria: symbiogenesis in the human, 167
10.3 Virus symbiogenesis, 169
10.4 HERV proteins, 172
Take?]home message, 174
References, 174
11 The microbiota as an epigenetic control mechanism, 179