The Laws of Manu (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

The Laws of Manu form a towering work of Hindu philosophy. Composed by many Brahmin priests, this is an extraordinary, encyclopaedic representation of human life in the world, and how it should be lived. Manu encompasses topics as wide-ranging as the social obligations and duties of the various castes, the proper way for a righteous king to rule and to punish transgressors, relations between men and women, birth, death, taxes, karma, rebirth and ritual practices. First translated into English in 1794, its influence spread from Nietzsche to the British Raj, and although often misinterpreted, it remains an essential work for understanding India today.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Penguin Books Ltd
• Seitenzahl: 448
• Erscheinungstermin: 29. August 1991
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9780141966625
• Artikelnr.: 38132756

Autorenporträt

Wendy Doniger is the Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor of the History of Religions in the Divinity School at the University of Chicago, where she is also a professor of South Asian languages and civilizations. Her translations for Penguin Classics include The Laws of Manu and Hindu Myths.

Inhaltsangabe

The Laws of ManuAcknowledgments INTRODUCTION Part I: The History of the Text 1. The Importance of The Laws of Manu 2. The History of the Text in Europe: the British and Nietzsche 3. The Vedic Background: Food and Eaters 4. The Revaluation of All Values: Violence and Vegetarianism 5. The Authority of the Beda in Manu Part II: The Structure and Meaning of the Text 1. The Coherence of Manu 2. Law in Extremity 3. Contradictions in Manu 4. "Between the idea/And the reality" Part III: The Translation 1. Why Buhler is Not Good Enough 2. The Continuous Narrative 3. Translating Against the Commentaries 4. The Text and the Critical Apparatus THE LAWS OF MANU Chapter I Verses 1
4; Introducction; 5
20 Creation of the Universe; 21
30 Creation of Innate Activities; 31
5 Creation of the Social Order; 36
50 Creation of Creatures; 51
7 Brahma Sleeps and Wakes; 58
63 The Teaching of the Manus; 64
7 Time; 68
74 The Ages; 75
8 Creation of the Elements; 79
86 The Ages; 87
91 Duties of the Social Classes; 92
101 Pre
eminence of Priests; 102
10 Fruits of this Teaching; 111
19 Contents of This Teaching Chapter 2 1
5 The Value of Desire; 6
16 Canon and Tradition; 17
24 The Sacred Geography of India; 25
9 The Transformative Rituals; 30
35 The Name
giving; 36
49 Initiation; 41
7 The Period of Vedic Study; 48
51 The Student's Begging; 52
7 The Student's Eating; 58
65 Washing; 66
7 Transformative Ceremonies for Women; 68
73 Vedic Recitation; 74
87 "Om" and the Verse to the Sun
god; 88
100 Controlling the Sensory Powers; 101
4 Chanting the Verse to the Sun
god; 105
7 Reciting the Veda; 108
16 People to whom the Veda Should and Should Not Be Taught; 117
33 Greeting People; 134
9 Showing Respect; 140
43 Teachers and Priests; 144
53 The Teacher and the Parents; 154
8 Seniority by Knowledge of the Veda; 159
63 Modest Behaviour; 164
7 Inner Heat and Veda Study; 168
72 Initiation as Birth; 173
93 Proper Conduct for the Student; 194
206 Reverence to the Guru; 207
9 Reverence to the Guru's Son; 210
17 Caution with the Guru's Wife; 218
24 More Proper Conduct for the Student; 225
37 The Guru and the Parents; 238
42 People from whom One May Learn the Veda; 243
9 The Perpetual Student Chapter 3 1
3 Entering the Householder Stage; 4
7 Choosing a Wife; 8
11 Qualities to Avoid in a Wife; 12
19 Wives of Various Classes; 20
35 The Eight Forms of Marraige; 36
44 Results of Good and Bad Marriages; 45
50 Begetting Children; 51
4 Against the Bride
price; 55
63 The Importance of Treating Women Well; 64
6 The Importance of Vedic Verses; 67
74 The Five Great Sacrifices; 75
9 The Importance of the Householder; 80
83 Duties of the Householder; 84
6 Offerings to the Gods; 87
93 Propitiatory Offerings; 94
8 Giving Alms; 99
115 Treatment of Guests; 116
18 Eating Leftovers; 119
21 The Honey
mixture; 122
3 The Ceremony for the Dead; 124
37 People to Invite to the Ceremony for the Dead; 138
44 People Not to Invite to the Ceremony for the Dead; 145
9 More People to Invite to the Ceremony for the Dead; 150
68 More People Not to Invite to the Ceremony for the Dead; 169
75 Types of Adulterers Not to Invite; 176
82 People who Should Not Be at the Ceremony for the Dead; 183
6 Still More People to Invite to the Ceremony for the Dead; 187
90 The Invitation to the Ceremony for the Dead; 191
200 Ancestors of the Ancestors; 201
5 The Ritual to the Gods; 206
10 Preparing the Ceremony for the Dead; 211
13 The Ritual to the Gods; 214
23 The Ceremony for the Dead; 224
30 The Meal; 231
5 The Entertainment; 236
42 Potential Pollutions at the Meal; 243
8 Feeding Uninvited Guests; 249
50 More Potential Pollutions at the Meal; 251
9 The End of the Ceremony; 260
65 Disposing of Leftovers; 266
72 Benefits of Offering Various Foods; 273
82 Auspicious Days for the Ceremony; 283
6 Fruits of the Ceremony Chapter 4 1
12 Occupations for the Householder; 13
20 The Behaviour of the Householder; 21
4 Interior Sacrifices; 25
8 The Sacrifices of the Householder; 29
39 The Behaviour of the Householder; 40
44 Women that a Householder Should Avoid; 45
52 A Householder's Excretions; 53
81 General Comportment of a Householder; 84
91 Hells for those who Accept Gifts from Bad Kings; 92
8 Daily Rituals; 99
127 Occasions when the Veda Should Not Be Recited; 128
44 Miscellaneous Prohibitions for a Vedic Graduate; 145
9 Veda Recitation; 150
64 General Comportment of a Vedic Graduate; 165
9 Prohibitions against Harming Priests; 170
74 Avoiding Irreligion; 175
85 General Comportment of a Vedic Graduate; 186
91 Accepting Gifts; 192
200 Hypocrites; 201
4 General Comportment of a Vedic Graduate; 205
23 People whose Food One Should Not Eat; 224
8 Generosity; 229
37 Rewards for Giving Specific Gifts; 238
46 Rewards for Religious Merit after Death; 247
56 Gifts that may be Accepted; 257
60 The Meditation of a Vedic Graduate Chapter 5 1
4 Fatal Flaws; 5
10 Forbidden Foods; 11
18 Forbidden Birds, Fish and Animals; 19
21 Restorations for Eating Forbidden Foods; 22
5 Food that May be Eaten; 26
44 Meat that May Be Eaten; 46
56 Advantages of Not Eating Meat; 57
66 Pollution after Deaths and Births; 67
73 Pollution after the Death of Children and Women; 74
8 Pollution after a Death at a Distance; 79
84 Pollution after Other Deaths; 85
92 Other Pollutions; 93
9 The Purification of Kings; 100
104 The Death of a Distant Relative; 105
9 Sources of Purification; 110
14 Purification of Metals; 15
26 Purification of Various Objects; 127
31 Things that Are Always Clean; 132
45 Purification of the Polluted Body; 146
51 The Dependence of Women; 152
60 Obedience to the Husband; 161
4 Consequences, for Unfaithful Women; 165
9 The Death of a Wife Chapter 6 1
4 The Forest
dweller's Departure; 5
11 The Forest
dweller's Rituals; 12
21 The Forest
dweller's Food; 22
30 The Forest
dweller's Inner Heat; 31
2 The Forest
dweller's Death; 33
41 The Ascetic's Departure; 42
9 The Ascetic's Behaviour; 50
60 The Ascetic's Begging; 61
5 The Ascetic's Meditation on Transmigration; 66
72 The Ascetic's Duty and Breath
suppression; 73
5 The Ascetic's Meditation on Transmigration; 76
81 The Ascetic's Death; 82
5 The Ascetic's Veda; 86
90 Householder Ascetics; 91
4 The Ten
fold Duty; 95
7 Householder Renouncers Chapter 7 1
8 The King as Incarnation of the Gods; 9
13 The Anger of the King; 14
19 The Rod of Punishment; 20
31 Incorrect and Correct Punishment; 32
5 The Good King; 36
42 The Humility of the King; 44
53 The Eighteen Vices; 54
62 Ministers; 63
8 The Ambassador; 69
77 Fortifications; 78
81 Other Officials; 82
6 Giving Gifts to Priests; 87
98 Warfare; 99
101 Four Ways of Accomplishing Goals; 102
6 Readiness; 107
9 The Four Expedients; 110
13 Guarding the Kingdom; 114
19 The Appointment of Officials; 120
24 Guarding against Corruption; 124
32 Wages and Taxation; 133
6 Protecting Learned Priests; 137
40 Tax Exemptions for the Poor; 141
4 Protecting the Subjects; 145
53 The King's Day; 154
8 The Circle of Enemies and Allies; 159
76 The Six Tactics; 177
80 The Essence of Political Policy; 181
8 Marching; 189
94 Deploying Troops; 195
7 Laying Siege; 198
200 The Four Expedients; 201
11 Behaviour in Victory; 212
15 Behaviour in Extremity; 216
20 The King's Food and Poision; 221
6 The King's Relaxations Chapter 8 1
3 The King as Judge; 4
7 The Eighteen Causes of Legal Action; 8
11 The Judges; 12
22 The Dangers of Injustice; 23
6 Investigative Techniques; 27
9 The Property of Women and Children; 30
34 Property Lost and Found; 35
9 Treasure Trove; 40
46 General Principles of Law; 47
51 Debtors and Creditors; 52
60 Debtors who Violate Court Procedures; 61
78 Witnesses in Cases of Debt; 79
88 Charging the Witnesses; 89
101 Consequences of Giving False Evidence; 103
8 Reasons and Redemptions for Giving False Evidence; 109
16 Oaths and Ordeals; 117
23 Punishments for Giving False Evidence; 124
30 Forms of Punishment; 131
9 The Measurements of Fines; 140
62 Interest Rates, Loans, and Pledges; 163
8 Contracts; 169
75 The King's Behaviour; 176
8 Debts; 179
96 Deposits; 197
202 Sale without Ownership; 203
5 Bride
price; 206
13 Sacrificial Gifts to Officiating Priests; 214
17 Failure to Pay Wages; 218
23 Breach of Contract; 224
9 Flawed and Invalid Weddings; 230
36 Responsibilities of Herdsmen; 237
44 Damage Done by Livestock; 245
66 Boundary Disputes; 267
78 Verbal Assault; 279
87 Physical Assault; 288
9 Damage to Property; 290
98 Traffic Accidents; 299
300 Corporal Punishment; 301
9 The King's Right to Tax; 310
13 The King's Duty to Punish; 314
18 The Punishment of Thieves by the King; 319
38 Punishments for Various Thefts; 339
43 Permissible Thefts; 344
51 Acts of Violence; 352
63 Sexual Misconduct; 364
8 The Corruption of Maidens; 369
70 Lesbianism; 371
3 Adultery; 374
8 Punishments for Inter
class Sexuality; 379
81 Priests Exempt from Capital Punishment; 382
5 More Punishments for Inter
class Sexuality; 386
97 Miscellaneous Rules; 398
403 Duties and Fixed Prices; 404
9 Ferry
fares and Boat
fares; 410
20 The Work of Commoners and Servants Chapter 9 1
4 The Dependence of Women; 5
18 Why Women Should Be Guarded; 19
21 Restorations for Women's Errors; 22
5 The Dependence of Women on Husbands; 26
30 The Importance of Women; 31
40 The Son Born in the Husband's Field; 41
55 The Danger of Sowing in Another Man's Field; 56
70 Producing Male Heirs by Appointment; 71
3 Rejection of a Bride; 74
9 Separation from or Hatred of a Husband; 80
84 Rejection of a Wife; 85
7 Wives of Various Classes; 88
92 The Father's Duty to Give his Daughter; 93
100 Against the Bride
price; 101
2 Fidelity: Marriage in a Nutshell; 103
10 Inheritance of the Eldest Son; 111
19 Inheritance of the Other Sons and Daughters; 120
21 Inheritance of the Son Born in the Field; 122
6 Inheritance of Sons of Various Wives; 127
36 Inheritance through Appointed Daughters; 137
9 Salvation through Sons; 140
2 Sons' Roles in the Funeral Ritual; 143
7 Disinheritance of Sons of Appointed Daughters; 148
57 Inheritance of Sons of Wives of Various Classes; 158
81 Twelve Kinds of Sons; 182
91 Miscellaneous Heirs; 192
200 Inheritance of the Mother's Estate; 201
6 Inheritance of Defective Sons and Educated Sons; 207
19 Inheritance of Divided and United Brothers; 220
28 The Evils of Gambling; 229
34 Miscellaneous Punishments Inflicted by the King; 235
42 Punishments by the King for Major Crimes; 243
7 Fines Not to Revert to the King; 248
9 Corporal and Capital Punishment by the King; 250
55 Duties of a King; 256
71 Detection and Punishment of Thieves; 272
93 More Miscellaneous Punishments by the King; 294
297 The Elements of the Kingdom; 298
302 The King's Behaviour, like the Ages; 303
12 The King's Behaviour, like the Gods'; 313
25 The King's Deference to Priests; 326
36 The Duties of Commoners and Servants Chapter 10 1
4 The Four Classes; 5
10 Sons and Outcasts Born "with
the
grain"; 11
19 Outcasts Born "against
the
grain"; 20
23 Outlaws and their Offspring; 24
31 Excluded Classes Born "against
the
grain"; 32
40 The Offspring of Excluded Classes and Aliens; 41
4 Risen and Fallen Degraded Castes; 45
9 The Occupations of Aliens and Outcasts; 50
56 The Treatment of Outcasts; 57
61 The Character and Behaviour of Outcasts; 62
8 Rising in Caste through Virtue; 69
73 The Seed and the Field; 74
80 The Occupations of the Twice
born; 81
94 Priests Living as Rulers or Commoners; 95
100 Rulers, Commoners, and Servants Living as Other Classes; 101
4 Priests in Adversity; 105
8 Famous Priests in Adversity; 109
17 Three Courses and Seven Ways for Priests in Adversity; 118
20 Rulers in Extremity; 121
5 Servants in Adversity; 126
31 The Duties of Servants Chapter 11 1
4 Vedic Graduates who Beg; 5
10 Supporting Dependants; 11
26 Obtaining Sacrificial Materials from Others; 27
30 Sacrificing in Extremity; 31
5 The Priest's Right to Punish; 36
43 People who Should Not Give the Daily Fire Sacrifice; 44
7 Restorations; 48
54 Physical Results of Unrestored Crimes; 55
9 The Major Crimes; 60
67 The Minor Crimes; 68
71 Crimes that Cause Loss of Caste; 72
90 Restorations for Killing a Priest; 91
8 Restorations for Drinking Liquor; 99
102 Restorations for Stealing Gold; 103
7 Restorations for Killing a Cow; 118
24 Restorations for Shedding Semen; 125
6 Restorations for Loss of Caste; 127
31 Restorations for Killing People other than Priests; 132
46 Resorations for Killing Animals; 147
50 Restorations for Drinking Intoxicating Drinks; 151
61 Restorations for Eating Forbidden Foods; 162
9 Restorations for Theft; 170
79 Restorations for Having Sex with Forbidden Women; 180
91 Restorations for Associating with Fallen Men; 192
7 Reentering the Community; 198
204 Miscellaneous Restorations; 205
10 Restorations for Insulting Priests; 211
20 Descriptions of Vows of Restoration; 221
6 General Restorations; 227
33 Remorse; 234
45 Inner Heat as Restoration; 246
8 Veda as Restoration; 249
61 Particular Vedic Verses as Restorations; 262
6 Veda as Restoration Chapter 12 1
2 The Fruits of Actions; 3
11 Acts of Mind, Speech, and Body; 12
15 The Knower of the Field; 16
23 Construction of the Body for Hell; 24
38 The Three Qualities of the Self; 39
53 Transmigrations according to Qualities; 54
72 Transmigrations according to Crimes; 73
81 The Torments of Hells and Transmigrations; 82
5 Acts that Bring about the Supreme Good; 86
90 Vedic Activity; 91
3 Knowledge of the Self; 94
106 The Value of Knowing the Veda; 107
15 Authorities and Legal Assemblies; 116
26 Meditation on the Self Bibliography Index and Glossary