By the time Irenaeus became a bishop in the mid-2nd century, Christianity had already spread across the Roman Empire, and the Church was facing significant theological challenges. The most notable of these challenges came from the heretical teachings that sought to distort Christian doctrine. Gnosticism, with its complex and varied beliefs, posed one of the most prominent threats to Christian unity. Gnostics held that salvation was a secret knowledge (gnosis) accessible only to a select few, and they reinterpreted Scripture in light of their esoteric traditions. The Gnostic worldview fundamentally contradicted the Church's teachings on creation, the nature of humanity, and the incarnation of Jesus Christ. The Gnostics also introduced a dualistic vision of the cosmos, which divided the material world, viewed as evil, from the spiritual realm, which was considered pure and good. This view was in direct opposition to the Christian understanding of creation, which proclaimed that God created the world and declared it "good" (Genesis 1:31). Irenaeus recognized the danger these teachings posed and took up the task of refuting them.
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