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The fourth edition of The Physics of Clinical MR Taught Through Images The Physics of Clinical MR Taught Through Images Fourth Edition by Val Runge, Wolfgang Nitz, and Johannes Heverhagen presents a unique and highly practical approach to understanding the physics of magnetic resonance imaging. Each physics topic is described in user-friendly language and accompanied by high-quality graphics and/or images. The visually rich format provides a readily accessible tool for learning, leveraging, and mastering the powerful diagnostic capabilities of MRI. Key Features More than 700…mehr
The fourth edition of The Physics of Clinical MR Taught Through Images
The Physics of Clinical MR Taught Through Images Fourth Edition by Val Runge, Wolfgang Nitz, and Johannes Heverhagen presents a unique and highly practical approach to understanding the physics of magnetic resonance imaging. Each physics topic is described in user-friendly language and accompanied by high-quality graphics and/or images. The visually rich format provides a readily accessible tool for learning, leveraging, and mastering the powerful diagnostic capabilities of MRI.
Key Features
More than 700 images, anatomical drawings, clinical tables, charts, and diagrams, including magnetization curves and pulse sequencing, facilitate acquisition of highly technical content.
Eight systematically organized sections cover core topics: hardware and radiologic safety; basic image physics; basic and advanced image acquisition; flow effects; techniques specific to the brain, heart, liver, breast, and cartilage; management and reduction of artifacts; and improvements in MRI diagnostics and technologies.
Cutting-edge topics including contrast-enhanced MR angiography, spectroscopy, perfusion, and advanced parallel imaging/data sparsity techniques.
Discussion of groundbreaking hardware and software innovations, such as MR-PET, 7 T, interventional MR, 4D flow, CAIPIRINHA, radial acquisition, simultaneous multislice, and compressed sensing.
A handy appendix provides a quick reference of acronyms, which often differ from company to company.
The breadth of coverage, rich visuals, and succinct text make this manual the perfect reference for radiology residents, practicing radiologists, researchers in MR, and technologists.
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Val Murray Runge is an American and Swiss professor of radiology and the editor-in-chief of Investigative Radiology. He was one of the early researchers to investigate the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), giving the first presentation in this field (in 1982), followed two years later by the first presentation of efficacy (in 1984). His research also pioneered many early innovations in MRI, including the use of tilted planes (for standardization of brain imaging, in 1987) and respiratory gating (for liver imaging, in 1984). His publication on multiple sclerosis in 1984 represented the third and largest clinical series (to that date) investigating the role of MRI in this disease, and the first to show characteristic abnormalities on MRI in patients whose CT was negative. Runge graduated from Stanford University with a bachelor of science, with honors, in Chemistry in June 1978. He subsequently received his MD from Stanford University School of Medicine in 1982. Following completion of a diagnostic radiology residency at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in 1985, Runge was appointed as assistant professor and chief of service of magnetic resonance at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston in 1986. In 1990 he was appointed professor of diagnostic radiology and biomedical engineering, Director of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, and the Rosenbaum Endowed Chair of Diagnostic Radiology, at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. In 2002, Runge was appointed the Robert and Alma Moreton Centennial Chair in Radiology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, and professor of radiology at the Texas A&M Health Science Center. In 2010 he was appointed the John Sealy Distinguished Chair and Professor of Radiology at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. Runge then spent two years in Zurich, Switzerland as a visiting professor at the University Hospital of Zürich(2013-2015). Runge lives currently in Zurich, Switzerland, having a long-term appointment as a professor and member of the faculty at Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern. He received the title of Prof. Dr. from the University of Bern in 2019. He is an author of more than 230 peer-reviewed papers published in the scientific literature. He is also the editor for nineteen medical textbooks, with several of these translated into other languages, including German, Chinese, Polish and Turkish. He has given more than 800 scientific and invited presentations at national and international meetings and medical schools across North America, Europe, Australia, Japan, Korea and China over the past 38 years. Johannes T. Heverhagen is a German and Swiss professor of radiology and the chair of the University Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology of the Inselspital, University Hospital of the University of Bern, Switzerland. His research has focused on the technical and clinical development of MRI. He pioneered quantitative approaches in MRI and enabled translation of emergency CT investigations to MRI. He has also focused on the safe and efficient application of Iodine and Gd based contrast agents in diagnostic and interventional radiology. His work investigated the effect of contrast agents and DNA double strand breaks as well as short- and long-term effects of the retention of contrast agents. Heverhagen graduated from the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany with a master of science in Physics in March 1997. He subsequently received his PhD and MD from the University Marburg, Germany in 2004 and 2007 respectively. In 2006, he was appointed as Assistant Professor for Medical Physics at the University of Marburg. Following completion of a diagnostic radiology residency at the University of Marburg in 2009, he was appointed as assistant professor and research director of the Department of Radiology at the University of Marburg. From 2002 until 2006, Heverhagen spent four years as a research scientist at the Department of Radiology at the Ohio State University. In 2006, he was appointed as adjunct professor of radiology at the Ohio State University. In 2010, he was appointed as Vice Chair of Radiology at the University of Marburg. In 2012, he was appointed as Chair of the University Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology of the Inselspital, University Hospital of the University of Bern, Switzerland. He is an author of more than 190 peer-reviewed papers published in the scientific literature. He is also the author of eleven book chapters in medical textbooks, with several of these translated into other languages, including German and Polish. He has given more than 200 scientific and invited presentations at national and international meetings and medical schools across North America, Europe, and Australia over the past 22 years.
Inhaltsangabe
<p><strong>Section I. Hardware</strong><br>1 Components of an MR Scanner<br>2 MR Safety: Static Magnetic Field<br>3 MR Safety: Gradient Magnetic and Radiofrequency Fields<br>4 Radiofrequency Coils<br>5 Multichannel Coil Technology: Part 1<br>6 Multichannel Coil Technology: Part 2<br>7 Open MR Systems<br>8 Magnetic Field Effects At 3 T and Beyond<br>9 Mid-Field, High-Field, and Ultra-High-Field (1.5, 3, 7 T)<br>10 Advanced Receiver Coil Design<br>11 Advanced Multidimensional RF Transmission Design<br><strong>Section II. Basic Imaging Physics</strong><br>12 Imaging Basics: k-space, Raw Data, Image Data<br>13 Image Resolution: Pixel and Voxel Size<br>14 Imaging Basics: Signal-to-Noise Ratio<br>15 Imaging Basics: Contrast-to-Noise Ratio<br>16 Signal-to-Noise Ratio versus Contrast-to-Noise Ratio<br>17 Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Clinical 3 T<br>18 Slice Orientation<br>19 Multislice Imaging and Concatenations<br>20 Number of Averages<br>21 Slice Thickness<br>22 Slice Profile<br>23 Slice Excitation Order (in Fast Spin Echo Imaging)<br>24 Field of View (Overview)<br>25 Field of View (Phase Encoding Direction)<br>26 Matrix Size: Readout<br>27 Matrix Size: Phase Encoding<br>28 Partial Fourier<br>29 Image Interpolation (Zero Filling)<br>30 Specific Absorption Rate<br><strong>Section III. Basic Image Acquisition</strong><br>31 T1, T2, and Proton Density<br>32 Calculating T1 and T2 Relaxation Times (Calculated Images)<br>33 Spin Echo Imaging<br>34 Fast Spin Echo Imaging<br>35 Fast Spin Echo: Reduced Refocusing Angle<br>36 Driven-Equilibrium Fourier Transformation (DEFT)<br>37 Reordering: Phase Encoding<br>38 Magnetization Transfer<br>39 Half Acquisition Single-Shot Turbo Spin Echo (HASTE)<br>40 Spoiled Gradient Echo<br>41 Refocused (Steady State) Gradient Echo<br>42 Echo Planar Imaging<br>43 Inversion Recovery: Part 1<br>44 Inversion Recovery: Part 2<br>45 Fluid-Attenuated IR with Fat Saturation (FLAIR FS)<br>46 Fat Suppression: Spectral Saturation<br>47 Water Excitation, Fat Excitation<br>48 Fat Suppression: Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR)<br>49 Fat Suppression: Phase Cycling<br>50 Fat Suppression: Dixon<br>51 3D Imaging: Basic Principles<br>52 Contrast Media: Gadolinium Chelates with Extracellular Distribution<br>53 Contrast Media: Gd Chelates with Improved Relaxivity<br>54 Contrast Media: Other Agents (Non-Gadolinium)<br><strong>Section IV. Advanced Image Acquisition</strong><br>55 Dual-Echo Steady State (DESS)<br>56 Balanced Gradient Echo: Part 1<br>57 Balanced Gradient Echo: Part 2<br>58 PSIF: The Backward-Running FISP<br>59 Constructive Interference in a Steady State (CISS)<br>60 TurboFLASH<br>61 PETRA (UTE)<br>62 3D Imaging: MP-RAGE<br>63 3D Imaging: SPACE<br>64 Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging<br>65 Volume Interpolated Breath-Hold Examination (VIBE)<br>66 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging<br>67 Multi-Shot EPI<br>68 Diffusion Tensor Imaging<br>69 Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging: Theory<br>70 Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging: Applications<br>71 Proton Spectroscopy (Theory)<br>72 Proton Spectroscopy (Chemical Shift Imaging)<br>73 Simultaneous Multislice<br><strong>Section V. Flow</strong><br>74 Flow Effects: Fast and Slow Flow<br>75 Phase Imaging: Flow<br>76 2D Time-of-Flight MRA<br>77 3D Time-of-Flight MRA<br>78 Flip Angle, TR, MT, and Field Strength (in 3D TOF MRA)<br>79 Phase Contrast MRA<br>80 4D Flow MRI<br>81 Advanced Non-Contrast MRA Techniques<br>82 Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Basics; Renal, Abdomen<br>83 Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Carotid Arteries<br>84 Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Peripheral Circulation<br>85 Dynamic CE-MRA (TWIST)<br>86 Dynamic Susceptibility Perfusion Imaging<br>87 Arterial Spin Labeling<br><strong>Section VI. Tissue-Specific Techniques</strong><br>88 Brain Segmentation, Quantitative MR Imaging<br>89 Cardiac Morphology<br>90 Cardiac Function<br>91 Cardiac Imaging: Myocardial Perfusion<br>92 Cardiac Imaging: Myocardial Viability<br>93 T1/T2/T2* Quantitative Parametric Mapping in the Heart<br>94 MR Mammography: Dynamic Imaging<br>95 MR Mammography: Silicone<br>96 Hepatic Fat Quantification<br>97 Hepatic Iron Quantification<br>98 Elastography<br>99 Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)<br>100 Cartilage Mapping<br><strong>Section VII. Artifacts, Including Those Due to Motion, and the Reduction Thereof</strong><br>101 Aliasing<br>102 Truncation Artifacts<br>103 Motion: Ghosting and Smearing<br>104 Motion Reduction: Triggering, Gating, Navigator Echoes<br>105 Abdomen: Motion Correction<br>106 BLADE (PROPELLER)<br>107 TWIST VIBE<br>108 Radial VIBE (StarVIBE)<br>109 GRASP<br>110 Filtering Images (to Reduce Artifacts)<br>111 Geometric Distortion<br>112 Chemical Shift: Sampling Bandwidth<br>113 Artifacts: Magnetic Susceptibility<br>114 Maximizing Magnetic Susceptibility<br>115 Artifacts: Metal<br>116 Minimizing Metal Artifacts<br>117 Gradient Moment Nulling<br>118 Spatial Saturation<br>119 Shaped Saturation<br>120 Advanced Slice/Sub-Volume Shimming<br>121 Flow Artifacts<br><strong>Section VIII. Further Improving Diagnostic Quality, Technologic Innovation</strong><br>122 Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 1<br>123 Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 2<br>124 Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 3<br>125 Image Composing<br>126 Filtering Images (to Improve SNR)<br>127 Parallel Imaging: Part 1<br>128 Parallel Imaging: Part 2<br>129 CAIPIRINHA<br>130 Zoomed EPI<br>131 Compressed Sensing<br>132 Cardiovascular Imaging: Compressed Sensing<br>133 Interventional MR<br>134 7 T Brain<br>135 7 T Knee<br>136 Continuous Moving Table<br>137 Integrated Whole-Body MR-PET<br>138 3D Evaluation: Image Post-Processing<br>139 Automatic Image Alignment<br>140 Workflow Optimization<br><strong>Section IX. Appendix</strong><br>141 Acronyms</p>
Section I. Hardware.- Section II. Basic Imaging Physics.- Section III. Basic Image Acquisition.- Section IV. Advanced Image Acquisition.- Section V. Flow.- Section VI. Tissue-.- Section VII. Artifacts, Including Those Due to Motion, and the Recluction Thereof.- Section VIII. Further Improving Diagnostic Quality, Technologic Innovation.- Section IX Recent Innovations.- Section X Appendix.
<p><strong>Section I. Hardware</strong><br>1 Components of an MR Scanner<br>2 MR Safety: Static Magnetic Field<br>3 MR Safety: Gradient Magnetic and Radiofrequency Fields<br>4 Radiofrequency Coils<br>5 Multichannel Coil Technology: Part 1<br>6 Multichannel Coil Technology: Part 2<br>7 Open MR Systems<br>8 Magnetic Field Effects At 3 T and Beyond<br>9 Mid-Field, High-Field, and Ultra-High-Field (1.5, 3, 7 T)<br>10 Advanced Receiver Coil Design<br>11 Advanced Multidimensional RF Transmission Design<br><strong>Section II. Basic Imaging Physics</strong><br>12 Imaging Basics: k-space, Raw Data, Image Data<br>13 Image Resolution: Pixel and Voxel Size<br>14 Imaging Basics: Signal-to-Noise Ratio<br>15 Imaging Basics: Contrast-to-Noise Ratio<br>16 Signal-to-Noise Ratio versus Contrast-to-Noise Ratio<br>17 Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Clinical 3 T<br>18 Slice Orientation<br>19 Multislice Imaging and Concatenations<br>20 Number of Averages<br>21 Slice Thickness<br>22 Slice Profile<br>23 Slice Excitation Order (in Fast Spin Echo Imaging)<br>24 Field of View (Overview)<br>25 Field of View (Phase Encoding Direction)<br>26 Matrix Size: Readout<br>27 Matrix Size: Phase Encoding<br>28 Partial Fourier<br>29 Image Interpolation (Zero Filling)<br>30 Specific Absorption Rate<br><strong>Section III. Basic Image Acquisition</strong><br>31 T1, T2, and Proton Density<br>32 Calculating T1 and T2 Relaxation Times (Calculated Images)<br>33 Spin Echo Imaging<br>34 Fast Spin Echo Imaging<br>35 Fast Spin Echo: Reduced Refocusing Angle<br>36 Driven-Equilibrium Fourier Transformation (DEFT)<br>37 Reordering: Phase Encoding<br>38 Magnetization Transfer<br>39 Half Acquisition Single-Shot Turbo Spin Echo (HASTE)<br>40 Spoiled Gradient Echo<br>41 Refocused (Steady State) Gradient Echo<br>42 Echo Planar Imaging<br>43 Inversion Recovery: Part 1<br>44 Inversion Recovery: Part 2<br>45 Fluid-Attenuated IR with Fat Saturation (FLAIR FS)<br>46 Fat Suppression: Spectral Saturation<br>47 Water Excitation, Fat Excitation<br>48 Fat Suppression: Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR)<br>49 Fat Suppression: Phase Cycling<br>50 Fat Suppression: Dixon<br>51 3D Imaging: Basic Principles<br>52 Contrast Media: Gadolinium Chelates with Extracellular Distribution<br>53 Contrast Media: Gd Chelates with Improved Relaxivity<br>54 Contrast Media: Other Agents (Non-Gadolinium)<br><strong>Section IV. Advanced Image Acquisition</strong><br>55 Dual-Echo Steady State (DESS)<br>56 Balanced Gradient Echo: Part 1<br>57 Balanced Gradient Echo: Part 2<br>58 PSIF: The Backward-Running FISP<br>59 Constructive Interference in a Steady State (CISS)<br>60 TurboFLASH<br>61 PETRA (UTE)<br>62 3D Imaging: MP-RAGE<br>63 3D Imaging: SPACE<br>64 Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging<br>65 Volume Interpolated Breath-Hold Examination (VIBE)<br>66 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging<br>67 Multi-Shot EPI<br>68 Diffusion Tensor Imaging<br>69 Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging: Theory<br>70 Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging: Applications<br>71 Proton Spectroscopy (Theory)<br>72 Proton Spectroscopy (Chemical Shift Imaging)<br>73 Simultaneous Multislice<br><strong>Section V. Flow</strong><br>74 Flow Effects: Fast and Slow Flow<br>75 Phase Imaging: Flow<br>76 2D Time-of-Flight MRA<br>77 3D Time-of-Flight MRA<br>78 Flip Angle, TR, MT, and Field Strength (in 3D TOF MRA)<br>79 Phase Contrast MRA<br>80 4D Flow MRI<br>81 Advanced Non-Contrast MRA Techniques<br>82 Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Basics; Renal, Abdomen<br>83 Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Carotid Arteries<br>84 Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Peripheral Circulation<br>85 Dynamic CE-MRA (TWIST)<br>86 Dynamic Susceptibility Perfusion Imaging<br>87 Arterial Spin Labeling<br><strong>Section VI. Tissue-Specific Techniques</strong><br>88 Brain Segmentation, Quantitative MR Imaging<br>89 Cardiac Morphology<br>90 Cardiac Function<br>91 Cardiac Imaging: Myocardial Perfusion<br>92 Cardiac Imaging: Myocardial Viability<br>93 T1/T2/T2* Quantitative Parametric Mapping in the Heart<br>94 MR Mammography: Dynamic Imaging<br>95 MR Mammography: Silicone<br>96 Hepatic Fat Quantification<br>97 Hepatic Iron Quantification<br>98 Elastography<br>99 Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)<br>100 Cartilage Mapping<br><strong>Section VII. Artifacts, Including Those Due to Motion, and the Reduction Thereof</strong><br>101 Aliasing<br>102 Truncation Artifacts<br>103 Motion: Ghosting and Smearing<br>104 Motion Reduction: Triggering, Gating, Navigator Echoes<br>105 Abdomen: Motion Correction<br>106 BLADE (PROPELLER)<br>107 TWIST VIBE<br>108 Radial VIBE (StarVIBE)<br>109 GRASP<br>110 Filtering Images (to Reduce Artifacts)<br>111 Geometric Distortion<br>112 Chemical Shift: Sampling Bandwidth<br>113 Artifacts: Magnetic Susceptibility<br>114 Maximizing Magnetic Susceptibility<br>115 Artifacts: Metal<br>116 Minimizing Metal Artifacts<br>117 Gradient Moment Nulling<br>118 Spatial Saturation<br>119 Shaped Saturation<br>120 Advanced Slice/Sub-Volume Shimming<br>121 Flow Artifacts<br><strong>Section VIII. Further Improving Diagnostic Quality, Technologic Innovation</strong><br>122 Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 1<br>123 Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 2<br>124 Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 3<br>125 Image Composing<br>126 Filtering Images (to Improve SNR)<br>127 Parallel Imaging: Part 1<br>128 Parallel Imaging: Part 2<br>129 CAIPIRINHA<br>130 Zoomed EPI<br>131 Compressed Sensing<br>132 Cardiovascular Imaging: Compressed Sensing<br>133 Interventional MR<br>134 7 T Brain<br>135 7 T Knee<br>136 Continuous Moving Table<br>137 Integrated Whole-Body MR-PET<br>138 3D Evaluation: Image Post-Processing<br>139 Automatic Image Alignment<br>140 Workflow Optimization<br><strong>Section IX. Appendix</strong><br>141 Acronyms</p>
Section I. Hardware.- Section II. Basic Imaging Physics.- Section III. Basic Image Acquisition.- Section IV. Advanced Image Acquisition.- Section V. Flow.- Section VI. Tissue-.- Section VII. Artifacts, Including Those Due to Motion, and the Recluction Thereof.- Section VIII. Further Improving Diagnostic Quality, Technologic Innovation.- Section IX Recent Innovations.- Section X Appendix.
Rezensionen
"The book remains a comprehensive text, with good quality image reproduction. With the addition of the new section the content is reasonably up to date. ... this book ... is a good reference book if you want to see clinical examples of a particular concept." (Martin Graves, RAD Magazine, September, 2023)
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