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This complete overview of religious studies provides students with the essential knowledge and tools they need to explore and understand the nature of religion. * Covers the early development of religion, with overviews of major and minor religions from Islam to Scientology * Considers recent developments including secularization; the relationship between religion and science; and scientific studies on religion, health, and mystical experience * Uses humor throughout, allowing students to remain open-minded to the subject * Explains what it means to study religion academically, and considers…mehr
This complete overview of religious studies provides students with the essential knowledge and tools they need to explore and understand the nature of religion. * Covers the early development of religion, with overviews of major and minor religions from Islam to Scientology * Considers recent developments including secularization; the relationship between religion and science; and scientific studies on religion, health, and mystical experience * Uses humor throughout, allowing students to remain open-minded to the subject * Explains what it means to study religion academically, and considers the impact of the study of religion on religion itself * Contains numerous student-friendly features including photos, maps, time lines, side bars, historical profiles, and population distribution figures * Provides classroom users with a lively website,www.wiley.com/go/religiontoolkit, including questions, quizzes, extra material, and helpful primary and secondary sources
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Autorenporträt
John Morreall is Professor of Religious Studies at the College of William and Mary. He has published widely in the philosophy of religion, and on the comic dimensions of world religions. His book Comedy, Tragedy, and Religion (1999) won the Choice Outstanding Academic Book 2000. He is also the author of Comic Relief: A Comprehensive Philosophy of Humor (2009), published by Wiley-Blackwell. Tamara Sonn is the Wm. R. Kenan Distinguished Professor of Humanities in the Department of Religious Studies at the College of William and Mary. Her books include Comparing Religions through Law: Judaism and Islam (with J. Neusner, 1999) and Islam: A Brief History, 2nd edition (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). She was senior editor of the Oxford Dictionary of Islam (2003), and associate editor of The Islamic World Past and Present (2004). She is currently an editor of Oxford Islamic Studies Online, and of Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (2009). In addition, Sonn is editor-in-chief of Oxford Bibliographies Online: Islamic Studies, and co-editor-inchief of Wiley-Blackwell's Religion Compass.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Figures and Maps xiii Timeline xvi Acknowledgments xxii Credits xxiii 1 Introduction: Prepare to Be Surprised 2 Part I The Tools 15 2 An Overview of Religion: Making Sense of Life 16 Explaining Suffering and Evil 18 Explaining Death 22 Ghosts 23 Resurrection 24 Souls 25 Reincarnation 26 The Importance of Order 26 Order Out of Chaos 27 Order and Predictability: Eschatology, Prophecy, Divination 27 Social Order 30 Group Identity 31 Ethics/Morality and Law 34 Authority and Power 37 The Role of Ritual 39 Conclusion 41 3 The Early Development of Religious Studies 44 Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Studies 47 The Relationship between Philosophy and Theology 48 Two Kinds of Christian Theology 50 Scriptural (Biblical) Studies and the Impact of the Printing Press 52 Baruch Spinoza (d. 1677): The Beginnings of Source Criticism 53 William Robertson Smith (d. 1894): Historical Criticism 54 The Rise of Modernity and New Academic Disciplines: Oriental Studies, Anthropology, Sociology, and Psychology 55 Max Müller (d. 1900): Oriental Studies and Religion 57 Edward Burnett Tylor (d. 1917): Anthropology and Religion 58 James Frazer (d. 1941): Evolution and Religion 61 Negative Views of Religion 65 Karl Marx (d. 1883): Religion as the Opiate of the Masses 65 Sigmund Freud (d. 1939): Religion as Neurosis 68 Sociology of Religion 71 Emile Durkheim (d. 1917): Modernization Theory 71 Max Weber (d. 1920): The Protestant Ethic and the Secularization Thesis 72 Conclusion 74 4 Religious Studies in the 20th Century 76 Back to Philosophy 80 Analytic Philosophy: Antony Flew (d. 2010) 81 Phenomenology and Religious Studies 82 Rudolf Otto (d. 1937) 82 Mircea Eliade (d. 1986) 83 Philosophy of Religion 85 John Hick (b. 1922) 85 William Lane Craig (b. 1949) 87 Anthropology of Religion 89 Clifford Geertz (d. 2006) 89 Mary Douglas (d. 2007) 91 Sociology of Religion 94 Peter L. Berger (b. 1929) 94 Robert N. Bellah (b. 1927) 95 Psychology of Religion 96 William James (d. 1910) 96 Carl Jung (d. 1961) 98 Conclusion: Theories and Methods 99 Philosophical Theories 99 Genetic/Historical Theories 100 Functionalist Theories 100 Part II Using the Tools: Surveying World Religions 103 5 Early Traditions 104 Prehistoric Religions? 107 Animism and Anthropomorphism 108 Death Rituals 112 Fertility Goddesses 113 Hunting Rituals 114 Shamans 114 Ancient Traditions, Oral Traditions, and Religion 115 The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Historic Religions 118 Conclusion 121 6 The Family of Western Monotheisms: Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Traditions 124 Unit I Judaism 126 The Torah, the Hebrew Bible, the Old Testament 127 The History and Teachings of Judaism 135 The First Five Centuries 135 The Middle Ages (500-1500 CE) 137 The Modern Period (1750 to the present) 141 The Enlightenment 141 The Development of Reform Judaism 142 Conservative Judaism 148 Reconstructionist Judaism 148 The Rituals of Judaism 149 Judaism Today 150 Unit II Christianity 151 The History and Teachings of Christianity 151 Origins 151 The Development of Christian Doctrine 154 The Institutionalization and Politicization of Christianity 157 Eastern and Western Christians 159 The Western/Roman Church 160 The Eastern Orthodox Churches 163 The Protestant Reformation 164 Christian Rituals 166 Christianity Today 166 Unit III Islam 167 The History and Teachings of Islam 167 Core Teachings 167 Early History: The Life of Muhammad and the Rashidun Caliphs 174 The Dynastic Caliphates 176 The Modern Period: Reform and Recovery 179 Islamic Rituals 180 Major Divisions Today 182 Unit IV The Impact of Religious Studies on the Western Monotheisms 183 Biblical Studies 184 Rudolf Bultmann (d. 1976): "Demythologizing" Scripture 185 John Dominic Crossan (b. 1934): The Historicity of Scripture 186 Theology 192 Liberation Theology 192 Gustavo Gutierrez (b. 1928) 192 Farid Esack (b. 1959) 194 Feminist Theology 196 Judith Plaskow (b. 1947) 198 Rosemary Radford Ruether (b. 1936) 199 Amina Wadud (b. 1952) 201 Conclusion 203 7 330 Million Gods - or None: Two Traditions from India 206 Hinduism and Buddhism 208 Hinduism 209 History and Teachings of Hinduism 211 Indus Valley Civilization (3000-1500 BCE) 211 The Aryans and the Vedas (1500-600 BCE) 211 The Mystical Worldview of the Upanishads 213 Classical Hinduism (3rd century BCE-7th century CE) 216 The Ramayana 216 The Mahabharata 217 The Puranas 221 The Laws of Manu 223 Hinduism Today 226 Rituals 226 Buddhism 229 History and Teachings of Buddhism 230 Understanding the Four Noble Truths 233 The Ethics of "Awakening" 235 The Core of All Buddhist Traditions 235 The Development of the Three Main Traditions 237 Theravada (Hinayana) 238 Mahayana 238 Vajrayana 240 Buddhism Today 242 Rituals 243 Conclusion: Religious Studies and Indian Traditions 244 8 Balancing and Blending: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism in China 246 The Tao, Yin and Yang 248 The History of Chinese Religious Thought 251 The Shang Period (18th-11th centuries BCE) 251 The Zhou Period (11th-3rd centuries BCE) 253 Confucius (551-479 BCE) 255 Taoism 258 Buddhism in China 260 Pure Land Buddhism 262 Chan (Zen) Buddhism 262 Chinese Folk Traditions 265 Rituals in Chinese Traditions 266 Weddings 267 Funerals 267 Chinese Traditions Today 269 Conclusion: Religious Studies and the Traditions of China 271 9 Zoroastrianism, Shinto, Baha'i, Scientology, Wicca, and Seneca Traditions: What Makes a "World Religion"? 274 What Makes a "World Religion"? 276 Zoroastrianism 278 History and Teachings of Zoroastrianism 278 Zoroastrian Rituals 281 Shinto 283 History and Teachings of Shinto 283 Shinto Rituals 285 Baha'i 287 History and Teachings of Baha'i 287 Baha'i Rituals 289 Scientology 291 History and Teachings of Scientology 291 Scientology Practices 292 Scientology Rituals 293 Wicca 294 History and Teachings of Wicca 294 Wiccan Rituals 296 The Traditions of the Seneca 298 History and Teachings of the Seneca 298 Seneca Rituals 302 Conclusion: To Be or Not to Be a Religion? 304 10 Closing Questions 308 Can We Define Religion? 310 Secularization? 311 Contemporary Atheist Views 311 Contemporary Opposition to Secularization Theory 313 Resurgent Islam 313 Resurgent Religion in the U.S.? 315 Secularization in Europe 318 Religion Revisited 319 Other Issues 322 The Range of Research Areas in the American Academy of Religion 322 Medical Science and Religion 326 Religion and Physical Health 327 Religion and Mental Health 329 Does Prayer Work? 330 Brain Science and Mystical Experience: Neurotheology 330 Conclusion: Another Surprise? 335 Glossary 338 Index 344
List of Figures and Maps xiii Timeline xvi Acknowledgments xxii Credits xxiii 1 Introduction: Prepare to Be Surprised 2 Part I The Tools 15 2 An Overview of Religion: Making Sense of Life 16 Explaining Suffering and Evil 18 Explaining Death 22 Ghosts 23 Resurrection 24 Souls 25 Reincarnation 26 The Importance of Order 26 Order Out of Chaos 27 Order and Predictability: Eschatology, Prophecy, Divination 27 Social Order 30 Group Identity 31 Ethics/Morality and Law 34 Authority and Power 37 The Role of Ritual 39 Conclusion 41 3 The Early Development of Religious Studies 44 Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Studies 47 The Relationship between Philosophy and Theology 48 Two Kinds of Christian Theology 50 Scriptural (Biblical) Studies and the Impact of the Printing Press 52 Baruch Spinoza (d. 1677): The Beginnings of Source Criticism 53 William Robertson Smith (d. 1894): Historical Criticism 54 The Rise of Modernity and New Academic Disciplines: Oriental Studies, Anthropology, Sociology, and Psychology 55 Max Müller (d. 1900): Oriental Studies and Religion 57 Edward Burnett Tylor (d. 1917): Anthropology and Religion 58 James Frazer (d. 1941): Evolution and Religion 61 Negative Views of Religion 65 Karl Marx (d. 1883): Religion as the Opiate of the Masses 65 Sigmund Freud (d. 1939): Religion as Neurosis 68 Sociology of Religion 71 Emile Durkheim (d. 1917): Modernization Theory 71 Max Weber (d. 1920): The Protestant Ethic and the Secularization Thesis 72 Conclusion 74 4 Religious Studies in the 20th Century 76 Back to Philosophy 80 Analytic Philosophy: Antony Flew (d. 2010) 81 Phenomenology and Religious Studies 82 Rudolf Otto (d. 1937) 82 Mircea Eliade (d. 1986) 83 Philosophy of Religion 85 John Hick (b. 1922) 85 William Lane Craig (b. 1949) 87 Anthropology of Religion 89 Clifford Geertz (d. 2006) 89 Mary Douglas (d. 2007) 91 Sociology of Religion 94 Peter L. Berger (b. 1929) 94 Robert N. Bellah (b. 1927) 95 Psychology of Religion 96 William James (d. 1910) 96 Carl Jung (d. 1961) 98 Conclusion: Theories and Methods 99 Philosophical Theories 99 Genetic/Historical Theories 100 Functionalist Theories 100 Part II Using the Tools: Surveying World Religions 103 5 Early Traditions 104 Prehistoric Religions? 107 Animism and Anthropomorphism 108 Death Rituals 112 Fertility Goddesses 113 Hunting Rituals 114 Shamans 114 Ancient Traditions, Oral Traditions, and Religion 115 The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Historic Religions 118 Conclusion 121 6 The Family of Western Monotheisms: Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Traditions 124 Unit I Judaism 126 The Torah, the Hebrew Bible, the Old Testament 127 The History and Teachings of Judaism 135 The First Five Centuries 135 The Middle Ages (500-1500 CE) 137 The Modern Period (1750 to the present) 141 The Enlightenment 141 The Development of Reform Judaism 142 Conservative Judaism 148 Reconstructionist Judaism 148 The Rituals of Judaism 149 Judaism Today 150 Unit II Christianity 151 The History and Teachings of Christianity 151 Origins 151 The Development of Christian Doctrine 154 The Institutionalization and Politicization of Christianity 157 Eastern and Western Christians 159 The Western/Roman Church 160 The Eastern Orthodox Churches 163 The Protestant Reformation 164 Christian Rituals 166 Christianity Today 166 Unit III Islam 167 The History and Teachings of Islam 167 Core Teachings 167 Early History: The Life of Muhammad and the Rashidun Caliphs 174 The Dynastic Caliphates 176 The Modern Period: Reform and Recovery 179 Islamic Rituals 180 Major Divisions Today 182 Unit IV The Impact of Religious Studies on the Western Monotheisms 183 Biblical Studies 184 Rudolf Bultmann (d. 1976): "Demythologizing" Scripture 185 John Dominic Crossan (b. 1934): The Historicity of Scripture 186 Theology 192 Liberation Theology 192 Gustavo Gutierrez (b. 1928) 192 Farid Esack (b. 1959) 194 Feminist Theology 196 Judith Plaskow (b. 1947) 198 Rosemary Radford Ruether (b. 1936) 199 Amina Wadud (b. 1952) 201 Conclusion 203 7 330 Million Gods - or None: Two Traditions from India 206 Hinduism and Buddhism 208 Hinduism 209 History and Teachings of Hinduism 211 Indus Valley Civilization (3000-1500 BCE) 211 The Aryans and the Vedas (1500-600 BCE) 211 The Mystical Worldview of the Upanishads 213 Classical Hinduism (3rd century BCE-7th century CE) 216 The Ramayana 216 The Mahabharata 217 The Puranas 221 The Laws of Manu 223 Hinduism Today 226 Rituals 226 Buddhism 229 History and Teachings of Buddhism 230 Understanding the Four Noble Truths 233 The Ethics of "Awakening" 235 The Core of All Buddhist Traditions 235 The Development of the Three Main Traditions 237 Theravada (Hinayana) 238 Mahayana 238 Vajrayana 240 Buddhism Today 242 Rituals 243 Conclusion: Religious Studies and Indian Traditions 244 8 Balancing and Blending: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism in China 246 The Tao, Yin and Yang 248 The History of Chinese Religious Thought 251 The Shang Period (18th-11th centuries BCE) 251 The Zhou Period (11th-3rd centuries BCE) 253 Confucius (551-479 BCE) 255 Taoism 258 Buddhism in China 260 Pure Land Buddhism 262 Chan (Zen) Buddhism 262 Chinese Folk Traditions 265 Rituals in Chinese Traditions 266 Weddings 267 Funerals 267 Chinese Traditions Today 269 Conclusion: Religious Studies and the Traditions of China 271 9 Zoroastrianism, Shinto, Baha'i, Scientology, Wicca, and Seneca Traditions: What Makes a "World Religion"? 274 What Makes a "World Religion"? 276 Zoroastrianism 278 History and Teachings of Zoroastrianism 278 Zoroastrian Rituals 281 Shinto 283 History and Teachings of Shinto 283 Shinto Rituals 285 Baha'i 287 History and Teachings of Baha'i 287 Baha'i Rituals 289 Scientology 291 History and Teachings of Scientology 291 Scientology Practices 292 Scientology Rituals 293 Wicca 294 History and Teachings of Wicca 294 Wiccan Rituals 296 The Traditions of the Seneca 298 History and Teachings of the Seneca 298 Seneca Rituals 302 Conclusion: To Be or Not to Be a Religion? 304 10 Closing Questions 308 Can We Define Religion? 310 Secularization? 311 Contemporary Atheist Views 311 Contemporary Opposition to Secularization Theory 313 Resurgent Islam 313 Resurgent Religion in the U.S.? 315 Secularization in Europe 318 Religion Revisited 319 Other Issues 322 The Range of Research Areas in the American Academy of Religion 322 Medical Science and Religion 326 Religion and Physical Health 327 Religion and Mental Health 329 Does Prayer Work? 330 Brain Science and Mystical Experience: Neurotheology 330 Conclusion: Another Surprise? 335 Glossary 338 Index 344
Rezensionen
"The Religion Toolkit: A Complete Guide to Religious Studiesis a unique one-stop resource. Although religion continues to be apowerful source of personal faith and a significant factor indomestic and international politics, astonishingly studies showthat most people are religiously illiterate. Morreall and Sonn'stool kit will prove essential for all (students, media,policymakers and the general public) who want to understandreligions and their impact today." --John L. Esposito, Georgetown University
"A decade after 9/11, the world still seems to be torn betweencompeting religious and political ideas. John Morreall and TamaraSonn provide us a road-map based on objective analysis andscholarly research that offers us a method of understanding thenature of our world. Most important, they give us hope. Anyoneinterested in making sense of our times should be reading thisbook." --Ambassador Akbar Ahmed, American University
"An invaluable guide for students of religion! The overview ofReligious Studies theory is one of the clearest I have read." --Ravi M. Gupta, College of William and Mary
"This is a highly intelligent, accessible and thoughtfulcontribution to religious studies by two of the most respected andaccomplished scholars of religion working in the fieldtoday." --Mumtaz Ahmad, International Islamic University,Islamabad
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