Babu Dayal Padullaparthi, Jim Tatum, Kenichi Iga

VCSEL Industry (eBook, PDF)

Communication and Sensing

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

A hands-on reference to the technical, commercial, and industrial aspects of VCSEL technology In VCSEL Industry: Communication and Sensing, a team of distinguished researchers and manufacturing professionals deliver a thorough and practical reference guide to vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for young entrepreneurs, investors, venture capitalists, and researchers. The authors offer comprehensive descriptions of the technology involved, as well as a robust exploration of the industry and commercial landscape in which VCSELs exist. The book contains numerous illustrations and schematics of the anatomy of VCSEL product developments and an insightful discussion of the proliferation of VCSELs in photonics and optics. There is also a dedicated section on photoreceivers used for VCSEL-based data communications and sensing. VCSEL Industry: Communication and Sensing provides readers with an accessible, commercial perspective of an important technology while offering just enough technical detail to make sense of the subject. The book also includes: * A thorough introduction to VCSELs, including discussions of semiconductor lasers, materials, wavelengths, and why VCSELs are attractive for photonics applications * Comprehensive explorations of the VCSEL industry, including market demands, an industry landscape, descriptions of commercial products based on VCSELs, and business models * Practical discussions of VCSELs for data communication, including high-speed VCSELs, gain and parasitic effects on bandwidth and speed, and form factors and standards * In-depth examinations of VCSEL arrays for sensing, including high-power VCSELs in consumer electronics Perfect for early-career researchers, engineers, entrepreneurs, investors, and managers, VCSEL Industry: Communication and Sensing will also prove to be an invaluable addition to the libraries of executives from across the semiconductor industry.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 352
• Erscheinungstermin: 3. Dezember 2021
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119782209
• Artikelnr.: 63119235

Autorenporträt

Babu Dayal Padullaparthi, Ph.D., is Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of Photonic Components DFM Ltd. in Hong Kong. He has over 22 years of experience in research, development, and manufacturing in academic and industrial facilities producing III-V photonic devices for communication and sensing, and he is credited with 24 patents and 50 technical papers. Jim Tatum, Ph.D., is the Chief Executive Officer of Dallas Quantum Devices. He was part of the team that made the world's first commercial VCSEL. Since then, he has led the engineering development of commercial VCSELs for high speed data communications, 3D sensing, atomic clocks, and many other applications. He has been issued over 50 patents and has written over 60 technical papers. Kenichi Iga, Dr. Eng., is a Professor Emeritus of Tokyo Institute of Technology and served as its President. He first proposed a surface emitting laser and pioneered the research. A Life Fellow of IEEE, he received Edison Medal in 2021 for VCSEL initiation.

Inhaltsangabe

About the Book and Authors Biographies xv

Foreword xvii

Preface xix

Introduction xxi

Acknowledgments xxiii

List of Image Contributions xxv

1 Semiconductor Lasers and VCSEL History 1
Kenichi Iga

1.1 History and Basics of Semiconductor Lasers 1

1.1.1 Categorization of Semiconductor Lasers 1

1.1.2 Light Emission and Absorption in Semiconductors 3

1.1.3 Birth of Semiconductor Lasers 3

1.1.3.1 Homostructure and Double Heterostructure Lasers 3

1.1.3.2 Quantum Well Lasers 4

1.1.4 Amplification of Light in Semiconductors 5

1.1.5 Oscillation Conditions in Semiconductor Lasers 6

1.1.5.1 Laser Resonators 6

1.1.5.2 Resonant Wavelength 7

1.1.5.3 Cavity Formation 8

1.2 Semiconductor Lasers and Manufacturing 9

1.2.1 Manufacturing Process of Edge-Emitting Lasers 9

1.2.2 Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser 9

1.3 VCSEL History and Development 11

1.3.1 Stage I: Initial Concept and Invention 11

1.3.1.1 Stage Ia: Invention and Initial Demonstration 11

1.3.1.2 Stage Ib: First Room-Temperature Continuous-Wave Operation 12

1.3.2 Stage-II: Spread of Worldwide R&D 13

1.3.3 Stage III: Extension of Applications and Initial Commercialization 13

1.3.3.1 LAN for Internet 14

1.3.3.2 Computer Mouse 14

1.3.3.3 Laser Printers 14

1.3.4 Stage IV: Spread of VCSEL Photonics 15

1.3.5 Stage V: VCSEL Industry 15

1.4 Timeline and Milestones 15

1.4.1 Milestones of VCSEL Research and Development 15

1.4.2 Single-Mode and Multi-Mode Behavior 15

1.4.3 Major Features of VCSELs 17

1.4.4 VCSELs as Major Optical Components 17

1.4.5 VCSELs in Optical Communication and Sensing 17

1.4.5.1 The Concept of VCSEL Communication and Sensing 17

1.4.5.2 VCSELs in Optical Communications 17

1.4.5.3 VCSELs in Optical Sensing 19

1.5 State of VCSEL Development 21

1.5.1 Published Papers 21

1.5.2 Toward VCSEL Photonics 21

1.5.3 Toward VCSEL High-Volume Manufacturing 22

1.5.4 Prospects of VCSEL Market 23

References 24

2 VCSEL Fundamentals 29
Jim Tatum

2.1 Introduction to Lasers 29

2.2 Basic VCSEL Structure 29

2.3 Quantum Well Gain Region (Active Region) 30

2.4 Distributed Bragg Reflector Mirrors 30

2.5 Light Output Characteristic 33

2.6 Forward Voltage Characteristic 33

2.7 Optical Modes 34

2.8 Beam Divergence 36

2.9 Modulation Characteristics 37

2.10 Temperature Characteristics 39

2.11 Thermal Transient Behavior and Short-Pulse Operation 40

2.12 Other VCSEL Structures 41

2.13 VCSEL Materials 44

2.14 Summary 44

References 45

3 VCSEL Industry: Prospects and Products 47
Babu Dayal Padullaparthi

3.1 Industry Background 47

3.1.1 VCSEL Market 48

3.1.2 VCSEL Chip Demands 48

3.1.3 VCSEL Attractiveness 51

3.1.4 VCSEL Die Cost and Foundry Economics 52

3.2 VCSEL Industry Landscape 55

3.2.1 The Key "Abilities" of VCSELs 55

3.2.2 High-Volume Manufacturing Challenges 55

3.2.2.1 Epi-Wafer Growth and F-P and PL Uniformities 56

3.2.2.2 Wafer-Fab (Processing) Specifications 57

3.2.2.3 Dry Etch Depth Uniformity 57

3.2.2.4 Wet Thermal Oxidation, Aperture Control and Uniformity 60

3.2.2.5 Chip Qualification and Reliability Tests 60

Rezensionen

"VCSELs are an exciting direction for use of laser energy in areas as diverse as communications, sensing, manufacturing, entertainment and mapping - on Earth as well as in space. It is fair to say that at least half the global human population is directly impacted by VCSELs, with many holding them in the palm of their hands. In the near future, people are likely to wear them as VCSEL based smart glasses go mainstream. This book covers this very important topic in excellent scientific detail, with a focus on clear language, rich references and very importantly the linkage of the basic physics and material science to real world applications and challenges. The pedigrees of the authors are impressive - from the invention of the technology to commercialization and application development - and is evident in the mastery of their explanations, historical perspective and unique insights into future directions. A must read book and reference for seasoned practitioners in the optics and related application fields as well as those embarking on new journeys!"
--Sabbir Rangwala, President at Patience Consulting LLC, Former President of Princeton Lightwave (Automotive LiDAR), Senior Contributor to Forbes.com

"VCSELs evolved to the dominant semiconductor laser format during the past ten years. Not only in terms of volume shipped, but also in terms of generated revenues they're by far the leading semiconductor laser product, today. From my perspective this trend will continue since VCSELs have distinct electro-optical characteristics that can be widely tuned to meet the requirements of new, innovative applications in the sensing and communication markets. Almost every day reports appear on new smartphone functionality, augmented reality, internet of things or autonomous vehicles. All these applications need clever optical sensors and VCSELs provide the ideal photons for them. In that way, VCSELs enable a huge multi-billion Euro market by generating the perfect illumination for such mass applications.
Therefore, I am convinced that VCSEL technology drives the future not only of consumer electronics, industrial sensing or optical data communication, but also for autonomous driving and quantum technology. These devices will be in every home, every mobile device, every car and within every major industrial production system.
For new VCSEL adopters as well as professionals the new Wiley book VCSEL Industry: Communication & Sensing by Babu Dayal Padullaparthi, Jim Tatum and Kenichi Iga can be highly recommended. It provides new insights in latest developments illustrated with many figures showing the advanced status of VCSEL technology."
--Dr. Berthold Schmidt, Managing Director, TRUMPF Photonic Components GmbH

"This is a comprehensive and current guide for the VCSEL industry. Interested novices and experienced insiders alike will profit from the readable overview that also includes informative historical and current market information. Key applications where VCSELs are deployed today are outlined. The individual chapters include detailed data and informative graphics and are complemented by useful background. The book closes with an insightful outlook into potential applications. Specific aspects of VCSEL design and manufacturing are explained in an extensive appendix, which provides additional practical help to the interested reader."
--Dr. Karlheinz Gulden, CFA, Senior Vice President Laser Devices and Systems, II-VI Incorporated

"This new textbook provides a clear, thorough, and up-to-date review of the VCSEL industry - a vexing challenge given the speed and diversity of VCSEL adoption into new applications, such as LIDAR, AR/VR, etc. The reader will find a rich balance of market and technical information that consolidates salient know-how from textbooks, journals, and conferences. The text utilizes standard symbol conventions and figures that are clear and intuitive. I especially appreciated the comprehensive table summaries and flow charts that contrasts the strengths/weaknesses of competing approaches."
--Jay Skidmore, VP R&D, 3D Sensing, Lumentum