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Weathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment An indispensable introduction to the key environmental processes of weathering and erosion Natural and human-induced weathering processes can have a great impact on soil and groundwater quality. With climate change and other environmental challenges placing increased emphasis on these resources, it has never been more important for researchers and environmental professionals to attain detailed knowledge of weathering and erosion processes. Weathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment meets this need with a rigorous,…mehr
Weathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment An indispensable introduction to the key environmental processes of weathering and erosion Natural and human-induced weathering processes can have a great impact on soil and groundwater quality. With climate change and other environmental challenges placing increased emphasis on these resources, it has never been more important for researchers and environmental professionals to attain detailed knowledge of weathering and erosion processes. Weathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment meets this need with a rigorous, systematic overview. Beginning with a description of different forces and processes that contribute to weathering, it then discusses the different kinds of landforms that can be produced by weathering and erosion processes, as well as the potential impacts of hydrogeological processes on both surface water and groundwater. The result is a volume that balances qualitative and quantitative understanding of this crucial subject. Weathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment readers will also find: * Documented examples in which weathering and erosion processes have led to heavy metals and other trace elements in groundwater * Detailed discussion of climate change impacts, including extreme weather events and rising carbon dioxide levels * Modeling approaches throughout to enable quantitative assessment and predictions of future impact Weathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment is ideal for researchers and advanced students in geology, geochemistry, hydrogeochemistry and environmental science, as well as professionals dealing with water and soil management.
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Autorenporträt
Virendra Bahadur Singh, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Studies, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, India. His research focuses on weathering and erosion processes. Sughosh Madhav, PhD, is Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India. He has published extensively on environmental topics. Naresh Chandra Pant, PhD, is a Senior Professor in the Department of Geology, University of Delhi, India. His research concerns minerology, petrology, weathering, and hydrogeochemistry. Ravi Shekhar, PhD, is Professor in the Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. His research concerns environmental geography.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xxi
1 Heavy Metals in the Sediment of River Ganga: A Review 1 Anupma Kumari, Mohammed A. Sulaiman, and Mohammad M. Zafar
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Source of Heavy Metals 3
1.3 Effects on Human Health 5
1.4 Status of Heavy Metal in the Sediment of River Ganga 7
1.5 Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediment 13
1.6 Mitigation Strategies 16
1.7 Conclusion 16
2 Synergistic Process of Weathering and Erosion: Techniques of Measurement and Their Significance 27 Ashutosh Kumar and Pooja Rani
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Method of Measuring Rock Surface Change 28
2.3 Contact Methods 29
2.4 Noncontact Methods 29
2.5 Techniques of Measuring Subsurface Changes in Rock 33
2.6 Techniques Based on Microscope for Measuring Rate of Weathering 37
2.7 Techniques Based on Infrared Microscopic Techniques 38
2.8 Techniques Based on Electron Microscopic Techniques 38
2.9 Techniques Based on Force Microscopy 40
2.10 Technique Based on 3D X-Ray Microscopy Computed Tomography (CT) 40
2.11 Conclusion 40
3 Comparison of Major Hydrogeochemical Processes in Coastal Sedimentary and Hard Rock Aquifers of South India 51 Amjad Al-Rashidi, Bedour Alsabti, Thilagavathi Rajendiran, Singaraja Chelladurai, and Chidambaram Sabarathinam
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Study Area 53
3.3 Material and Methods 56
3.4 Results and Discussion 56
3.5 Conclusion 77
4 Textural and Mineralogical Signatures of Fluvial Sediments in Mountain Streams of Contrasting Climates in the Southern Western Ghats (India) 83 Jobin Thomas, Sabu Joseph, and Thrivikramji Kythavilakom Pillai
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Study Area 85
4.3 Methodological Framework 88
4.4 Results and Discussion 88
4.5 Summary and Conclusion 98
5 Crucial Interplay of Microbial Communities in Controlling the Geogenic Processes 107 Aseem Kerketta, Joystu Dutta, Shristy S. Swarnkar, Amrita K. Panda, and Ashish Kumar
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Mechanical/Physical Weathering 108
5.3 Chemical Weathering 109
5.4 Biological Weathering 110
5.5 Weathering by Plants 110
5.6 Weathering by Animals 111
5.7 Microbial Weathering 111
5.8 Mechanisms of Microbial Weathering 112
5.9 Conclusion 117
6 Evolution of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Vulnerability of Western Himalayan Lake Sukhna, India 125 Prabhat Semwal, Suhas Damodar Khobragade, and Neeraj Pant
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Study Area 126
6.3 Data Used and Methodology 127
6.4 Results and Discussion 131
6.5 Summary and Conclusions 141
7 Geochemical Characterization and Baseline Determination of Trace Elements in Stream Waters from a Part of the Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil 145 Gessica da Silva, Leandro S. Quaresma, Prafulla K. Sahoo, Gabriel N. Salomão, and Roberto Dall'Agnol
7.1 Introduction 145
7.2 Materials and Methods 147
7.3 Results 155
7.4 Discussion 176
7.5 Conclusions 185
8 Identifying the Footprints of Meteorological, Tectonic, and Anthropogenic Parameters on Sediment Transport in the Indus River System: A Review 193 Prem Kumar, Jaya Rai, and Chandra S. Dubey
1 Heavy Metals in the Sediment of River Ganga: A Review 1 Anupma Kumari, Mohammed A. Sulaiman, and Mohammad M. Zafar
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Source of Heavy Metals 3
1.3 Effects on Human Health 5
1.4 Status of Heavy Metal in the Sediment of River Ganga 7
1.5 Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediment 13
1.6 Mitigation Strategies 16
1.7 Conclusion 16
2 Synergistic Process of Weathering and Erosion: Techniques of Measurement and Their Significance 27 Ashutosh Kumar and Pooja Rani
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Method of Measuring Rock Surface Change 28
2.3 Contact Methods 29
2.4 Noncontact Methods 29
2.5 Techniques of Measuring Subsurface Changes in Rock 33
2.6 Techniques Based on Microscope for Measuring Rate of Weathering 37
2.7 Techniques Based on Infrared Microscopic Techniques 38
2.8 Techniques Based on Electron Microscopic Techniques 38
2.9 Techniques Based on Force Microscopy 40
2.10 Technique Based on 3D X-Ray Microscopy Computed Tomography (CT) 40
2.11 Conclusion 40
3 Comparison of Major Hydrogeochemical Processes in Coastal Sedimentary and Hard Rock Aquifers of South India 51 Amjad Al-Rashidi, Bedour Alsabti, Thilagavathi Rajendiran, Singaraja Chelladurai, and Chidambaram Sabarathinam
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Study Area 53
3.3 Material and Methods 56
3.4 Results and Discussion 56
3.5 Conclusion 77
4 Textural and Mineralogical Signatures of Fluvial Sediments in Mountain Streams of Contrasting Climates in the Southern Western Ghats (India) 83 Jobin Thomas, Sabu Joseph, and Thrivikramji Kythavilakom Pillai
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Study Area 85
4.3 Methodological Framework 88
4.4 Results and Discussion 88
4.5 Summary and Conclusion 98
5 Crucial Interplay of Microbial Communities in Controlling the Geogenic Processes 107 Aseem Kerketta, Joystu Dutta, Shristy S. Swarnkar, Amrita K. Panda, and Ashish Kumar
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Mechanical/Physical Weathering 108
5.3 Chemical Weathering 109
5.4 Biological Weathering 110
5.5 Weathering by Plants 110
5.6 Weathering by Animals 111
5.7 Microbial Weathering 111
5.8 Mechanisms of Microbial Weathering 112
5.9 Conclusion 117
6 Evolution of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Vulnerability of Western Himalayan Lake Sukhna, India 125 Prabhat Semwal, Suhas Damodar Khobragade, and Neeraj Pant
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Study Area 126
6.3 Data Used and Methodology 127
6.4 Results and Discussion 131
6.5 Summary and Conclusions 141
7 Geochemical Characterization and Baseline Determination of Trace Elements in Stream Waters from a Part of the Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil 145 Gessica da Silva, Leandro S. Quaresma, Prafulla K. Sahoo, Gabriel N. Salomão, and Roberto Dall'Agnol
7.1 Introduction 145
7.2 Materials and Methods 147
7.3 Results 155
7.4 Discussion 176
7.5 Conclusions 185
8 Identifying the Footprints of Meteorological, Tectonic, and Anthropogenic Parameters on Sediment Transport in the Indus River System: A Review 193 Prem Kumar, Jaya Rai, and Chandra S. Dubey
8.1 Introduction 193
8.2 Study Area 194
8.3 Geological and Tectonic Settings 195
8.4 Hydrologic Regime of the IRB 198
8.5 Climate Settings of the IRB 198
8.6 Precipitatio
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