Plastics & Sustainability clearly lays out the thorny and contentious issues that we encounter at the nexus of plastics and sustainability. The book serves as a practical guide for making sustainability decisions about how plastics are made and used, including current developments in the newest bio-based plastics. Designers, marketers, academics, and engineers will all find something of value in this balanced and thoughtful second edition. Increased public scrutiny of plastics materials and the plastics industry has led, paradoxically, to both a deeper understanding and growing confusion…mehr
Plastics & Sustainability clearly lays out the thorny and contentious issues that we encounter at the nexus of plastics and sustainability. The book serves as a practical guide for making sustainability decisions about how plastics are made and used, including current developments in the newest bio-based plastics. Designers, marketers, academics, and engineers will all find something of value in this balanced and thoughtful second edition.
Increased public scrutiny of plastics materials and the plastics industry has led, paradoxically, to both a deeper understanding and growing confusion about polymers, their origins, their uses, their risks, and ultimately their disposal. The author makes objective comparisons among major polymer grades and bioplastics including their life cycle assessments and practical performance in commercial applications.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Michael Tolinski (Deceased, 2016) was the Managing Editor of Plastics Engineering magazine (SPE/Wiley), author of Additives for Polyolefins (2009) published by Elsevier/William Andrew's Plastic Design Library, and Plastics and Sustainability, 1st edition (2012) published by Wiley-Scrivener. Conor Carlin is the Managing Director of ILLIG LP, the North American subsidiary of ILLIG Maschinenbau GmbH & Co., a Germany-based designer and manufacturer of thermoforming, tooling, and packaging systems. A member of Society of Plastics Engineers sinc 2000, he serves as editor for SPE Thermoforming and Recycling Division publications. Carlin has contributed articles on plastics and sustainability for international industry press in the US, Europe, and Asia. In 2017, he was elected to the SPE Executive Board as VP of Marketing and Communications, and re-elected in 2020 as the first VP of Sustainability. For 10 years he was an active mentor to cleantech startups in the Boston-Cambridge cluster, focusing on energy efficiency and biofuels. Carlin has degrees from Boston University (BA, International Relations / French) and the FW Olin Graduate School of Business at Babson College (MBA).
Inhaltsangabe
Acknowledgements xi
Notes on the 2nd Edition xiii
Preface xv
1 General Introduction 1
1.1 The Contradictions of Plastics 3
1.2 Plastics and the Consumer Lifestyle 4
1.3 Plastics Controversies 7
1.3.1 PVC and Phthalate Plasticizers 9
1.3.2 Plastic Shopping Bags 10
1.3.3 Health Effects of BPA (Bisphenol-A) 13
1.4 The Desire to be Green 15
1.4.1 Consumer Interest in Sustainability 15
1.4.2 Sustainability: Views and Counterviews 18
1.5 The Course of This Book 24
References 26
2 Plastic Life Cycles 29
2.1 Green Principles 30
2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 34
2.2.1 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 36
2.2.2 LCA: Controversies and Limitations 37
2.2.3 LCA/LCI: Plastics-Related Examples 40
2.2.3.1 PET and HDPE 40
2.2.3.2 Bio/Fossil-Fuel Polymer Comparison 41
2.3 Plastic Lifetimes 42
2.3.1 The "Cradle": Polymer Feedstocks and Production 42
2.3.1.1 Fossil-Fuel Feedstock Sources 43
2.3.1.2 Bio-Based Feedstock Sources 44
2.3.2 "Gate-to-Gate": General Plastics Use-Life Impacts 46
2.3.3 The "Grave": Disposal, Recycling, and Biodegradability 48
2.3.3.1 "Permanent" Disposal? 48
2.3.3.2 Biodegradable Plastics 49
2.3.3.3 Recycling 51
2.3.3.4 Limitations and Challenges 56
2.4 A Hierarchy of Plastics for Sustainability 62
References 63
3 Polymer Properties and Environmental Footprints 67
3.1 Background on Polymers and Plastics 68
3.1.1 Green Chemistry Principles 70
3.2 Common Commodity Thermoplastics 74
3.2.1 Polyethylene (PE) 74
3.2.1.1 Synthesis 74
3.2.1.2 Structure and Properties 77
3.2.1.3 End-of-Life 77
3.2.2 Polypropylene (PP) 79
3.2.2.1 Synthesis 79
3.2.2.2 Structure and Properties 80
3.2.2.3 End-of-Life 80
3.2.3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC, or "Vinyl") 81
3.2.3.1 Synthesis 82
3.2.3.2 End-of-Life 85
3.2.4 Polystyrene (PS) 85
3.2.4.1 Synthesis 85
3.2.4.2 End-of-Life 86
3.2.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Related Polyesters 87
3.2.5.1 Synthesis 87
3.2.5.2 End-of-Life 89
3.3 Traditional Engineering Thermoplastics 90
3.3.1 Nylon or Polyamide (PA) 90
3.3.1.1 Synthesis 90
3.3.1.2 End-of-Life 91
3.3.2 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 92
3.3.2.1 Synthesis 92
3.3.2.2 End-of-Life 93
3.3.3 Polycarbonate (PC) 93
3.3.3.1 Synthesis 93
3.3.3.2 End-of-Life 94
3.4 Traditional Thermosets and Conventional Composites 94
3.4.1 Unreinforced Thermosets 95
3.4.1.1 Synthesis 95
3.4.1.2 End-of-Life 96
3.4.2 Conventional Composites 97
3.4.2.1 Production 97
3.4.2.2 End-of-Life 97
3.5 Biopolymers: Polymers of Biological Origin 98
3.5.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 101
3.5.1.1 Synthesis 101
3.5.1.2 Structures and Properties 103
3.5.1.3 End-of-Life 104
3.5.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): PHB and Related Copolymers 105
