Dental stem cells display multifactorial potential such as high proliferation rate, multi-differentiation ability, easy accessibility, high viability and easy to be induced to distinct cell lineages. The prolific volume of scientific literature in this field makes it essential to compile a critical reflection and summary of everything that has been written to date, in order to understand the basis of stem cells and the ensuing future lines of therapy. In this book, we wish to familiarize ourselves with the following: what are stem cells, their characteristics, their potential applications, current research translating to therapy, and possible barriers of its application from the bench to the bedside/chair.