Mental disorders have been regarded as relevant problems for the world population. Among those, the depressive syndromes, especially in women/mothers, have been recognized as a public health problem, and are believed to be associated with impairment in child development. In this context, this book provides characterization of behavioral indicators presented by school-age children who live with mothers with depression identified in a primary care service, comparing this profile to that of children living with mothers with no psychiatric history. The present book underscores the necessity, in the context of primary health care, of the deployment of evaluation protocols aimed at the early identification of infant and maternal mental health indicators as a means of enhancing preventive practices.