Tissue culture techniques are quite advanced for canola, which has made it an attractive candidate for use in genetic transformation studies. In doubled haploid technology, microspores and microspore-derived embryos are particularly attractive as targets for genetic transformation, due to their haploid nature. Through the application of a wide range of stressing agents, a haploid microspore can be deviated to become a haploid androgenic embryo and, upon chromosome doubling, eventually a doubled haploid plant.