The Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is the most important species used to produce rose water, attar of rose, and essential oils in the perfume and medicinal industry. However, despite the importance of Damask rose scent, the molecular and biochemical investigations of flower fragrance of this species are still in its primary stage. This book provides molecular, chemical diversities and physiological characterizations of floral scent production in R. damascena that were investigated by different experiments.