The geoid is an equipotential surface of the Earth s
gravity field that nearly coincides with the mean
sea level. In regional geoid determination it has
become customary to utilize a modified Stokes
formula, which combines local terrestrial data with an appropriate global geopotential model. Two
distinct modification classes - deterministic and
stochastic, exist. Both approaches aim at reducing
the truncation bias which occurs due to neglecting
the far-zone integration. In addition the stochastic
methods also attempt to reduce the data errors in
geoid modeling. This book presents principles of
high-resolution geoid modeling for the three Baltic
countries Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Six
modification methods are studied and tested
numerically. Even though emphasis is on one specific
region, it is the intention of this book to present
comprehensive guidelines of the applied methods that
can be utilized in any given region worldwide. This
book can be used as complementary text to graduate
level courses in the discipline of physical geodesy.
Researchers primarily interested in regional geoid
modeling may also be interested in this book.
gravity field that nearly coincides with the mean
sea level. In regional geoid determination it has
become customary to utilize a modified Stokes
formula, which combines local terrestrial data with an appropriate global geopotential model. Two
distinct modification classes - deterministic and
stochastic, exist. Both approaches aim at reducing
the truncation bias which occurs due to neglecting
the far-zone integration. In addition the stochastic
methods also attempt to reduce the data errors in
geoid modeling. This book presents principles of
high-resolution geoid modeling for the three Baltic
countries Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Six
modification methods are studied and tested
numerically. Even though emphasis is on one specific
region, it is the intention of this book to present
comprehensive guidelines of the applied methods that
can be utilized in any given region worldwide. This
book can be used as complementary text to graduate
level courses in the discipline of physical geodesy.
Researchers primarily interested in regional geoid
modeling may also be interested in this book.