Descartes' free will theodicy is crucial to his project of refuting skepticism and vindicating the consistency of Reason. The theodicy relies on a coherent understanding of human freedom as the ability to do the right thing, but such freedom appears to conflict with Descartes' account of Divine Providence.
Descartes' free will theodicy is crucial to his project of refuting skepticism and vindicating the consistency of Reason. The theodicy relies on a coherent understanding of human freedom as the ability to do the right thing, but such freedom appears to conflict with Descartes' account of Divine Providence.
C. P. Ragland is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Saint Louis University. There he especially enjoys introducing students to philosophy as well as teaching and doing research in the history of modern philosophy and philosophy of religion. With Sarah Heidt, he is co-editor of What is Philosophy (Yale UP, 2001).
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Abbreviations Introduction Notes to Introduction Chapter One: Descartes' Deepest Worry I. The "Deceiving Nature " Doubt II. The Circle and the Two-Level Solution III. Descartes' Engagement with Skepticism IV. Conclusion Notes to Chapter One Chapter Two: The Fourth Meditation Theodicy I. The Problem of Error II. Descartes' Theodicy A. Unreality of Error B. Descartes' General Strategy (and the Eternal Truths) C. Skeptical Theism? D. The Big Picture E. Free Will F. Possible Error: The Big Picture Returns G. The Theodicy Summarized III. Does It Prove Too Much? IV. Is It Circular? A. Ought Implies Can B. Assuming the Truth-Rule for Defensive Purposes V. Does It Rest on a Flawed View of Freedom? Notes to Chapter Two Chapter Three: Freedom and Alternative Possibilities in the Meditations I. The Definition Of Freedom A. Retraction, Expansion, or Clarification? B. Against Retraction C. Expansion or Clarification? II. Texts that Seem to Favor the Expansion Reading A. The Explanatory Passage B. The Great Light Passage III. Pro-Clarification: The Infinite Will and the Image of God A. Differences Between Divine And Human Freedom B. The Analogy Between Divine And Human Freedom C. Similarities and Differences: Signs Of An Implicit Distinction IV. Conclusion Notes to Chapter Three Chapter Four: The Gibieuf Connection And The Later Descartes I. The Gibieuf Connection A. Background: Descartes and Gibieuf B. Agreement About Freedom And Indifference C. Explicit Agreement On Human Freedom? D. Implicit Agreement On Human Freedom E. What Agreement With Gibieuf Shows II. Descartes' Later Texts On Freedom A. Principles Of Philosophy (1644) B. 1644 Letter To Mesland C. The 1645 Letter to Mesland Notes to Chapter Four Chapter Five: I. The Radical Libertarian Interpretation and the Meaning of CDD II. Attention and The Moderate Libertarian View III. The Compatibilist Reading IV. Conclusion Notes to Chapter Five Chapter Six: Is Descartes' View Of Freedom Coherent? I. Degrees Of Freedom: Preliminaries A. An Initial Puzzle B. Motivation and Degrees Of Freedom: Other Philosophers C. Motivation and Degrees Of Freedom: Descartes II. The 1645 Letter in Detail A. The Meaning of "Elicited " B. Spontaneity: Inversely Proportional to Indifference C. Spontaneity: Absolute and Relative D. Spontaneity and Perversity: Kenny's Objection E. Why Kenny's Objection Fails III. Final Worries Notes to Chapter Six Chapter Seven: Freedom and Divine Providence I. Introduction: The Problem of Providence and Freedom II. Concurrence And Providence: Scholastic Background A. Aquinas' Picture B. The Jesuit and Dominican Variations on Concurrence C. Competing Theories of Providence III. Descartes' Non-Causal View Of Providence A. Against Supernatural Compatibilism B. Correspondence with Elizabeth: Molinist Leanings C. Three Objections to the Molinist Interpretation Refuted IV. Providence and The Eternal Truths: A Hybrid View A. My Interpretation Defended B. Why Descartes Would Not Share My Worries Notes to Chapter Seven Conclusion: The Creation Doctrine Strikes Again Bibliography
Abbreviations Introduction Notes to Introduction Chapter One: Descartes' Deepest Worry I. The "Deceiving Nature " Doubt II. The Circle and the Two-Level Solution III. Descartes' Engagement with Skepticism IV. Conclusion Notes to Chapter One Chapter Two: The Fourth Meditation Theodicy I. The Problem of Error II. Descartes' Theodicy A. Unreality of Error B. Descartes' General Strategy (and the Eternal Truths) C. Skeptical Theism? D. The Big Picture E. Free Will F. Possible Error: The Big Picture Returns G. The Theodicy Summarized III. Does It Prove Too Much? IV. Is It Circular? A. Ought Implies Can B. Assuming the Truth-Rule for Defensive Purposes V. Does It Rest on a Flawed View of Freedom? Notes to Chapter Two Chapter Three: Freedom and Alternative Possibilities in the Meditations I. The Definition Of Freedom A. Retraction, Expansion, or Clarification? B. Against Retraction C. Expansion or Clarification? II. Texts that Seem to Favor the Expansion Reading A. The Explanatory Passage B. The Great Light Passage III. Pro-Clarification: The Infinite Will and the Image of God A. Differences Between Divine And Human Freedom B. The Analogy Between Divine And Human Freedom C. Similarities and Differences: Signs Of An Implicit Distinction IV. Conclusion Notes to Chapter Three Chapter Four: The Gibieuf Connection And The Later Descartes I. The Gibieuf Connection A. Background: Descartes and Gibieuf B. Agreement About Freedom And Indifference C. Explicit Agreement On Human Freedom? D. Implicit Agreement On Human Freedom E. What Agreement With Gibieuf Shows II. Descartes' Later Texts On Freedom A. Principles Of Philosophy (1644) B. 1644 Letter To Mesland C. The 1645 Letter to Mesland Notes to Chapter Four Chapter Five: I. The Radical Libertarian Interpretation and the Meaning of CDD II. Attention and The Moderate Libertarian View III. The Compatibilist Reading IV. Conclusion Notes to Chapter Five Chapter Six: Is Descartes' View Of Freedom Coherent? I. Degrees Of Freedom: Preliminaries A. An Initial Puzzle B. Motivation and Degrees Of Freedom: Other Philosophers C. Motivation and Degrees Of Freedom: Descartes II. The 1645 Letter in Detail A. The Meaning of "Elicited " B. Spontaneity: Inversely Proportional to Indifference C. Spontaneity: Absolute and Relative D. Spontaneity and Perversity: Kenny's Objection E. Why Kenny's Objection Fails III. Final Worries Notes to Chapter Six Chapter Seven: Freedom and Divine Providence I. Introduction: The Problem of Providence and Freedom II. Concurrence And Providence: Scholastic Background A. Aquinas' Picture B. The Jesuit and Dominican Variations on Concurrence C. Competing Theories of Providence III. Descartes' Non-Causal View Of Providence A. Against Supernatural Compatibilism B. Correspondence with Elizabeth: Molinist Leanings C. Three Objections to the Molinist Interpretation Refuted IV. Providence and The Eternal Truths: A Hybrid View A. My Interpretation Defended B. Why Descartes Would Not Share My Worries Notes to Chapter Seven Conclusion: The Creation Doctrine Strikes Again Bibliography
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