Gary A. Mabbott

Electroanalytical Chemistry

Principles, Best Practices, and Case Studies

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Provides a strong foundation in electrochemical principles and best practices

Written for undergraduate majors in chemistry and chemical engineering, this book teaches the basic principles of electroanalytical chemistry and illustrates best practices through the use of case studies of organic reactions and catalysis using voltammetric methods and of the measurement of clinical and environmental analytes by potentiometric techniques. It provides insight beyond the field of analysis as students address problems arising in many areas of science and technology. The book also emphasizes electrochemical phenomena and conceptual models to help readers understand the influence of experimental conditions and the interpretation of results for common potentiometric and voltammetric methods.

Electroanalytical Chemistry: Principles, Best Practices, and Case Studies begins by introducing some basic concepts in electrical phenomena. It then moves on to a chapter that examines the potentiometry of oxidation-reduction processes, followed by another on the potentiometry of ion selective electrodes. Other sections look at: applications of ion selective electrodes; controlled potential methods; case studies in controlled potential methods; and instrumentation. The book also features several appendixes covering: Ionic Strength, Activity and Activity Coefficients; The Nicolsky-Eisenman Equation; The Henderson Equation for Liquid Junction Potentials; Selected Standard Electrode Potentials; and The Nernst Equation Derivation.
_ Introduces the principles of modern electrochemical sensors and instrumental chemical analysis using potentiometric and voltammetric methods
_ Develops conceptual models underlying electrochemical phenomena and useful equations
_ Illustrates best practice with short case studies of organic reaction mechanisms using voltammetry and quantitative analysis with ion selective electrodes
_ Offers instructors the opportunity to selectfocus areas and tailor the book to their course by providing a collection of shorter texts, each dedicated to a single field
_ Intended as one of a series of modules for teaching undergraduate courses in instrumental chemical analysis

Electroanalytical Chemistry: Principles, Best Practices, and Case Studies is an ideal textbook for undergraduate majors in chemistry and chemical engineering taking instrumental analysis courses. It would also benefit professional chemists who need an introduction to potentiometry or voltammetry.

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Produktdetails

• Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and Its Applications
• Verlag: Wiley / Wiley & Sons
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W119538590
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 352
• Erscheinungstermin: 4. März 2020
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 263mm x 187mm x 22mm
• Gewicht: 935g
• ISBN-13: 9781119538592
• ISBN-10: 1119538599
• Artikelnr.: 57119981

Autorenporträt

Gary A. Mabbott, PhD, has taught analytical chemistry courses for 38 years, and he currently holds the rank of professor emeritus at the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota. He developed voltammetric and coulometric methods for studying electroactive species confined to solid electrode surfaces during his doctoral work with Walter Blaedel. He has published 17 articles in peer-reviewed journals and posted 70 instructional videos on various analytical topics for public use.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface ix

1. Basic Electrical Principles 1

1.1 Overview 2

1.2 Basic Concepts 4

1.2.1 Volt Defined 7

1.2.2 Current Defined 7

1.2.3 Oxidation and Reduction 8

1.2.4 Current and Faraday's Law 8

1.2.5 Potential, Work, and Gibbs' Free Energy Change 9

1.2.6 Methods Based on Voltage Measurement Versus Current Measurement 10

1.3 Electrochemical Cells 10

1.3.1 Electrodes 10

1.3.2 Cell Resistance 12

1.3.3 Supporting Electrolyte 13

1.4 The Electrified Interface or Electrical Double Layer 14

1.4.1 Structure of the Double Layer 14

1.4.2 The Relationship Between Double Layer Charge and the Potential at the Electrode Interface 20

1.5 Conductance 22

1.6 Mass Transport by Convection and Diffusion 24

1.7 Liquid Junction Potentials 26

Problems 29

References 29

2. Potentiometry of Oxidation-Reduction Processes 31

2.1 Overview 31

2.2 Measuring "Open Circuit" Potentials 33

2.3 Solution Redox Potential 34

2.3.1 The Development of a Charge Separation 35

2.3.2 The Nernst Equation 36

2.3.3 Formal Potential 38

2.3.4 Active Metal Indicator Electrodes 41

2.3.5 Redox Titrations 52

2.3.6 Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) or EH 55

2.3.7 Environmental Applications of Redox Measurements 57

Problems 64

References 66

3. Potentiometry of Ion Selective Electrodes 69

3.1 Overview 69

3.2 Liquid Membrane Devices 73

3.2.1 Selective Accumulation of Ions Inside an Organic Liquid 73

3.2.2 Theory of Membrane Potentials 77

3.2.3 Liquid Membrane Ionophores 80

3.3 Glass Membrane Sensors 82

3.3.1 History of the Development of a Glass Sensor of pH 82

3.3.2 Glass Structure and Sensor Properties 83

3.3.3 Selective Ion Exchange Model 87

3.3.4 The Combination pH Electrode 88

3.3.5 Gas-Sensing Electrodes 89

3.4 Crystalline Membrane Electrodes 93

3.5 Calibration Curves and Detection Limits 96

3.6 A Revolutionary Improvement in Detection Limits 100

3.7 More Recent Ion Selective Electrode Innovations 102

3.7.1 The Function of the Inner Reference Electrode 103

3.7.2 All Solid-State Reference Electrodes 104

3.7.3 Eliminating the Inner Reference Electrode 105

3.7.4 Super-Hydrophobic Membranes 107

3.8 Ion Selective Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) 108

3.9 Practical Considerations 111

3.9.1 Ionic Strength Buffers 111

3.9.2 Potential Drift 112

Problems 112

References 114

4. Applications of Ion Selective Electrodes 117

4.1 Overview 117

4.2 Case I. An Industrial Application 118

4.2.1 Will the Sample Concentrations Be Measurable? 118

4.2.2 Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer 118

4.2.3 Sample Pretreatment 119

4.2.4 Salt Bridges 120

4.2.5 Calibration 122

4.2.6 Temperature Control 123

4.2.7 Signal Drift 124

4.2.8 Validating the Method 124

4.2.9 Standard Additions for Potentiometric Analysis 127

4.3 Case II. A Clinical Application 130

4.4 Case III. Environmental Applications 135

4.4.1 US EPA Method for Nitrate Determination by ISE 136

4.4.2 Field Measurements 139

4.5 Good Lab Practice for pH Electrode Use 142

4.5.1 Electrode Maintenance 142

4.5.2 Standard Buffers 143

4.5.3 Infl