TECHNOLOGY/ENGINEERING/CIVIL SUCCESSFUL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY BEGINS WITH THIS HANDS-ON GUIDE While construction professionals are skilled in the technical side of their work, they often find the financial management aspect of the business daunting. Financial Management and Accounting Fundamentals for Construction will help you better understand and navigate the financial decisions that are part of every construction project. This book is a compact summary of the basic financial skills that a construction professional must have to be successful in the management of…mehr
TECHNOLOGY/ENGINEERING/CIVIL SUCCESSFUL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY BEGINS WITH THIS HANDS-ON GUIDE While construction professionals are skilled in the technical side of their work, they often find the financial management aspect of the business daunting. Financial Management and Accounting Fundamentals for Construction will help you better understand and navigate the financial decisions that are part of every construction project. This book is a compact summary of the basic financial skills that a construction professional must have to be successful in the management of a construction company and its projects. Its topics address many of the questions that any construction administrator will face, such as: * How to organize and use a company's financial reports * What amount of cash must be made available to the contractor to complete a project * Why the early payment of supplier invoices can enhance profitability * How to quantify the time value of money in financial decisions * What tax amount is owed by a company and how it impacts the bottom line * How to control project costs * What financial sources are available to a construction contractor for capital expansion In this text, you will learn about accounting fundamentals, project-related financial matters, and company level financial issues--three factors that are key to your career success. An ideal reference for students of construction management and engineering, as well as professionals who need a quick refresher when dealing with cost control analysis and other financial issues, this text also offers: * Easy-to-understand coverage of financial concepts specific to the construction industry, including business taxation, project control, engineering economy, and financial forecasting * Numerous worked examples, plus end-of-chapter review questions and exercises * Helpful appendices that present the structure of a typical chart of accounts, the flow of transactions through a construction accounting system, and tables required for computing interest and the time value of moneyHinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
DANIEL W. HALPIN is Professor Emeritus and former head of the Division of Construction Engineering and Management at Purdue University. The author of more than ten books, he is a member of the National Academy of Construction, a recipient of ASCE's Peurifoy Construction Research Award and the Carroll H. Dunn Award of Excellence from the Construction Industry Institute (CII). BOLIVAR A. SENIOR is an Associate Professor in the Department of Construction Management at Colorado State University. He has extensive professional experience in the management of construction projects. Dr. Senior has published many articles relating to construction financing as well as time planning and control. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the Dominican College of Professional Engineers, Architects and Surveyors.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface ix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 The Big Paradox 1 What Is Financial Management? 2 First Stop: Financial Accounting 2 Why Construction Accounting Is Different from Accounting in Other Business Sectors 4 Who Is at Risk? 5 Projects: The Output of the Construction Process 6 Project-Level Controls 7 Time Value of Money 8 Entrepreneurial Issues 8 Review Questions and Exercises 9 2 UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11 Introduction 11 Why Should You Care about Accounting? 12 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 12 Cash and Accrual Bases: Two Ways to Look at Accounting 13 Cash Basis of Accounting 14 Accrual Basis of Accounting 15 Accounts 16 Account Hierarchy 16 Financial Reports 17 Bookkeeping 19 The Balance Sheet 20 Balance Sheet Layout 21 Balance Sheet Account Categories in Detail 21 The Fundamental Accounting Equation 22 Asset Values 23 The Fundamental Equation and Owners' Risk 24 Balance Sheet for Fudd Associates, Inc. 24 Key Accounts 26 The Income Statement 29 Components of an Income Statement - More Details 32 The Statement of Cash Flows 35 Contract Backlog 37 Public Corporations 38 Review Questions and Exercises 39 3 ANALYZING COMPANY FINANCIAL DATA 43 Introduction 43 Vertical and Horizontal Analyses 44 Vertical Analysis: Financial Ratios 44 Liquidity Indicators: Can This Company Get Cash in a Hurry? 45 Current Ratio 45 Quick Ratio 46 Working Capital 47 Profitability Indicators: Is This Company Making Enough Profit? 48 Return on Equity 48 Return on Revenue 50 Return on Assets 51 Earnings Per Share 51 Efficiency Indicators: How Long Does It Take a Company to Turn over Its Money? 52 Average Age of Inventory 53 Average Age of Accounts Receivable (Collection Period) 55 Average Age of Accounts Payable 56 Other Average Ages 57 Operating Cycle 57 Turnover Ratios 58 Revenue to Assets Turnover 58 Capital Structure Indicators: How Committed Are the Owners? 59 Debt to Equity 60 Assets to Equity (Leverage) 60 Other Indicators 60 Horizontal Analysis: Tracking Financial Trends 62 Time Series Graphs 62 Index-Number Trend Series 63 Conclusion 63 Review Questions and Exercises 64 4 ACCOUNTING BASICS 71 Introduction 71 Transaction Processing 71 Journalizing the Transaction 73 A Transaction to Enter Initializing Capital 74 A Vendor Billing Transaction 74 A Billing to the Client 76 Posting Entries to the Ledger 78 Relationship of Work-in-Progress and Revenue/Expense Accounts 80 Closing the Accounting Cycle 82 Recognition of Income 83 Percentage-of-Completion Method of Income Recognition 83 Completed-Contract Method of Income Recognition 85 Transactions during a Period 86 Posting to the General Ledger during the Accounting Period 88 Closing Actions at the End of the Period 91 Review Questions and Exercises 93 5 PROJECT-LEVEL COST CONTROL 97 Objectives of Project-Level Cost Control in Construction 97 Unique Aspects of Construction Cost Control 98 Types of Costs 99 The Construction Estimate 99 Cost Control System 101 Building a Cost Control System 101 Cost Accounts 103 Cost Account Structure 104 Project Cost Code Structure 106 Cost Accounts for Integrated Project Management 110 Earned Value Analysis 113 Labor Data Cost Collection 122 Review Questions and Exercises 125 6 FORECASTING FINANCIAL NEEDS 129 Importance of Cash Management 129 Understanding Cash Flow 129 Retainage 131 Project Cost, Value, and Cash Profiles 131 Cash Flow Calculation-A Simple Example 133 Peak Financial Requirements 136 Getting Help from the Owner 137 Optimizing Cash Flow 138 Project Cash Flow Estimates 141 Using Software for Cash Flow Computations 144 Company-Level Cash Flow Planning 145 Strategic Cash Flow Management: "Cash Farming" 145 Project and General Overhead 146 Fixed Overhead 148 Considerations in Establishing Fixed Overhead 149 Breakeven Analysis 151 Basic Relationships Governing the Breakeven Point 154 Review Questions and Exercises 155 7 TIME VALUE OF MONEY AND EVALUATING INVESTMENTS 161 Introduction 161 Time Value of Money 162 Interest 162 Simple and Compound Interest 163 Nominal and Effective Rate 165 Equivalence and MARR 166 Discount Rate 167 Importance of Equivalence 167 Inflation 168 Sunk Costs 169 Cash Flow Diagrams 169 Annuities 171 Conditions for Annuity Calculations 173 Calculating the Future Value of a Series of Payments 174 Summary of Equivalence Formulas 175 Worth Analysis Techniques: An Overview 176 Present Worth Analysis 179 Investments with Different Life Spans 180 Equivalent Annual Worth (EAW) 181 Internal Rate of Return 183 Limitations of the IRR Method 185 An Example Involving Cost Recovery 186 Comparison Using EAW 188 An IRR Example-Owner Financing Using Bonds 191 Review Questions and Exercises 194 8 CONSTRUCTION LOANS AND CREDIT 199 Introduction 199 The Construction Financing Process 200 A Sample Developmental Project 202 The Amount of the Loan 204 How Is the Cap Rate Determined? 205 Mortgage Loan Commitment 206 Construction Loan 206 Commercial Lenders 208 Lines of Credit 209 Interest Paid on Outstanding Balance 210 Commitment Fees 211 Compensating Balances 211 Clean-Up Requirement 212 Collaterals 212 Accounts Receivable Financing 213 Trade Credits 213 Long Term Financing 215 Loans with End-of-Term Balloon Payments 216 Review Questions and Exercises 218 9 THE IMPACT OF TAXES 219 Introduction 219 Types of Taxes 220 Income Tax Systems 221 Alternatives for Company Legal Organization 221 Sole Proprietorships 222 Partnerships 222 Corporations 222 Limited Liability Partnerships and Companies 223 Other Options 224 Taxation of Business 224 Business Deductions in General 227 Taxable Income: Individuals 227 Itemized Deductions, Standard Deductions, and Personal Exemptions 228 The Tax Significance of Depreciation 229 Calculating Depreciation 230 Straight Line Method 231 The Production Method 232 Depreciation Based on Current Law 233 Marginal Tax Rates 235 Tax Credits 238 Tax Payroll Withholding 239 Tax Payment Schedules 239 Marginal, Average, and Effective Tax Rates 239 Net Operating Losses 240 Taxes on Dividends and Long-Term Capital Gains 242 Alternative Minimum Tax 242 Summary 243 Review Questions and Exercises 243 APPENDIX A TYPICAL CHART OF ACCOUNTS 247 APPENDIX B FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS OF TRANSACTIONS 251 APPENDIX C COMPOUND INTEREST TABLES 275 References 301 Index 305
Preface ix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 The Big Paradox 1 What Is Financial Management? 2 First Stop: Financial Accounting 2 Why Construction Accounting Is Different from Accounting in Other Business Sectors 4 Who Is at Risk? 5 Projects: The Output of the Construction Process 6 Project-Level Controls 7 Time Value of Money 8 Entrepreneurial Issues 8 Review Questions and Exercises 9 2 UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 11 Introduction 11 Why Should You Care about Accounting? 12 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 12 Cash and Accrual Bases: Two Ways to Look at Accounting 13 Cash Basis of Accounting 14 Accrual Basis of Accounting 15 Accounts 16 Account Hierarchy 16 Financial Reports 17 Bookkeeping 19 The Balance Sheet 20 Balance Sheet Layout 21 Balance Sheet Account Categories in Detail 21 The Fundamental Accounting Equation 22 Asset Values 23 The Fundamental Equation and Owners' Risk 24 Balance Sheet for Fudd Associates, Inc. 24 Key Accounts 26 The Income Statement 29 Components of an Income Statement - More Details 32 The Statement of Cash Flows 35 Contract Backlog 37 Public Corporations 38 Review Questions and Exercises 39 3 ANALYZING COMPANY FINANCIAL DATA 43 Introduction 43 Vertical and Horizontal Analyses 44 Vertical Analysis: Financial Ratios 44 Liquidity Indicators: Can This Company Get Cash in a Hurry? 45 Current Ratio 45 Quick Ratio 46 Working Capital 47 Profitability Indicators: Is This Company Making Enough Profit? 48 Return on Equity 48 Return on Revenue 50 Return on Assets 51 Earnings Per Share 51 Efficiency Indicators: How Long Does It Take a Company to Turn over Its Money? 52 Average Age of Inventory 53 Average Age of Accounts Receivable (Collection Period) 55 Average Age of Accounts Payable 56 Other Average Ages 57 Operating Cycle 57 Turnover Ratios 58 Revenue to Assets Turnover 58 Capital Structure Indicators: How Committed Are the Owners? 59 Debt to Equity 60 Assets to Equity (Leverage) 60 Other Indicators 60 Horizontal Analysis: Tracking Financial Trends 62 Time Series Graphs 62 Index-Number Trend Series 63 Conclusion 63 Review Questions and Exercises 64 4 ACCOUNTING BASICS 71 Introduction 71 Transaction Processing 71 Journalizing the Transaction 73 A Transaction to Enter Initializing Capital 74 A Vendor Billing Transaction 74 A Billing to the Client 76 Posting Entries to the Ledger 78 Relationship of Work-in-Progress and Revenue/Expense Accounts 80 Closing the Accounting Cycle 82 Recognition of Income 83 Percentage-of-Completion Method of Income Recognition 83 Completed-Contract Method of Income Recognition 85 Transactions during a Period 86 Posting to the General Ledger during the Accounting Period 88 Closing Actions at the End of the Period 91 Review Questions and Exercises 93 5 PROJECT-LEVEL COST CONTROL 97 Objectives of Project-Level Cost Control in Construction 97 Unique Aspects of Construction Cost Control 98 Types of Costs 99 The Construction Estimate 99 Cost Control System 101 Building a Cost Control System 101 Cost Accounts 103 Cost Account Structure 104 Project Cost Code Structure 106 Cost Accounts for Integrated Project Management 110 Earned Value Analysis 113 Labor Data Cost Collection 122 Review Questions and Exercises 125 6 FORECASTING FINANCIAL NEEDS 129 Importance of Cash Management 129 Understanding Cash Flow 129 Retainage 131 Project Cost, Value, and Cash Profiles 131 Cash Flow Calculation-A Simple Example 133 Peak Financial Requirements 136 Getting Help from the Owner 137 Optimizing Cash Flow 138 Project Cash Flow Estimates 141 Using Software for Cash Flow Computations 144 Company-Level Cash Flow Planning 145 Strategic Cash Flow Management: "Cash Farming" 145 Project and General Overhead 146 Fixed Overhead 148 Considerations in Establishing Fixed Overhead 149 Breakeven Analysis 151 Basic Relationships Governing the Breakeven Point 154 Review Questions and Exercises 155 7 TIME VALUE OF MONEY AND EVALUATING INVESTMENTS 161 Introduction 161 Time Value of Money 162 Interest 162 Simple and Compound Interest 163 Nominal and Effective Rate 165 Equivalence and MARR 166 Discount Rate 167 Importance of Equivalence 167 Inflation 168 Sunk Costs 169 Cash Flow Diagrams 169 Annuities 171 Conditions for Annuity Calculations 173 Calculating the Future Value of a Series of Payments 174 Summary of Equivalence Formulas 175 Worth Analysis Techniques: An Overview 176 Present Worth Analysis 179 Investments with Different Life Spans 180 Equivalent Annual Worth (EAW) 181 Internal Rate of Return 183 Limitations of the IRR Method 185 An Example Involving Cost Recovery 186 Comparison Using EAW 188 An IRR Example-Owner Financing Using Bonds 191 Review Questions and Exercises 194 8 CONSTRUCTION LOANS AND CREDIT 199 Introduction 199 The Construction Financing Process 200 A Sample Developmental Project 202 The Amount of the Loan 204 How Is the Cap Rate Determined? 205 Mortgage Loan Commitment 206 Construction Loan 206 Commercial Lenders 208 Lines of Credit 209 Interest Paid on Outstanding Balance 210 Commitment Fees 211 Compensating Balances 211 Clean-Up Requirement 212 Collaterals 212 Accounts Receivable Financing 213 Trade Credits 213 Long Term Financing 215 Loans with End-of-Term Balloon Payments 216 Review Questions and Exercises 218 9 THE IMPACT OF TAXES 219 Introduction 219 Types of Taxes 220 Income Tax Systems 221 Alternatives for Company Legal Organization 221 Sole Proprietorships 222 Partnerships 222 Corporations 222 Limited Liability Partnerships and Companies 223 Other Options 224 Taxation of Business 224 Business Deductions in General 227 Taxable Income: Individuals 227 Itemized Deductions, Standard Deductions, and Personal Exemptions 228 The Tax Significance of Depreciation 229 Calculating Depreciation 230 Straight Line Method 231 The Production Method 232 Depreciation Based on Current Law 233 Marginal Tax Rates 235 Tax Credits 238 Tax Payroll Withholding 239 Tax Payment Schedules 239 Marginal, Average, and Effective Tax Rates 239 Net Operating Losses 240 Taxes on Dividends and Long-Term Capital Gains 242 Alternative Minimum Tax 242 Summary 243 Review Questions and Exercises 243 APPENDIX A TYPICAL CHART OF ACCOUNTS 247 APPENDIX B FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS OF TRANSACTIONS 251 APPENDIX C COMPOUND INTEREST TABLES 275 References 301 Index 305
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