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This book provides a comprehensive overview of the entire landscape of both outdoor and indoor wireless positioning, and guides the reader step by step in the implementation of wireless positioning applications on the iPhone. Explanations of fundamental positioning techniques are given throughout the text, along with many programming examples, providing the reader with an independent, practical, and enjoyable learning of the material while gaining a real feel for the subject. Provides an accessible introduction to positioning technologies such as Global Positioning System and Wi-Fi positioning…mehr
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This book provides a comprehensive overview of the entire landscape of both outdoor and indoor wireless positioning, and guides the reader step by step in the implementation of wireless positioning applications on the iPhone. Explanations of fundamental positioning techniques are given throughout the text, along with many programming examples, providing the reader with an independent, practical, and enjoyable learning of the material while gaining a real feel for the subject.
Provides an accessible introduction to positioning technologies such as Global Positioning System and Wi-Fi positioning
Presents hands-on skills to iOS 5.0 programming for location-aware applications
Gives a thorough grounding in signal propagation, line-of-sight and interference effects for accurate positioning
Covers the location-aware video streaming and conferencing with practical iPhone application examples
Accompanied by a website containing programming code described in the text and lecture presentation slides for instructors
This book is primarily intended for anyone who wants to study wireless localization. It is an ideal textbook for graduate students who are first learning localization techniques, as well as advanced undergraduates in computer science interested in translating localization concepts into real code. Professionals, engineers and researchers working in location-aware services and related techniques using mobile positioning and AI technologies will find this book to be a helpful reference.
Companion website for the book:
www.wiley.com/go/chan/wireless
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Provides an accessible introduction to positioning technologies such as Global Positioning System and Wi-Fi positioning
Presents hands-on skills to iOS 5.0 programming for location-aware applications
Gives a thorough grounding in signal propagation, line-of-sight and interference effects for accurate positioning
Covers the location-aware video streaming and conferencing with practical iPhone application examples
Accompanied by a website containing programming code described in the text and lecture presentation slides for instructors
This book is primarily intended for anyone who wants to study wireless localization. It is an ideal textbook for graduate students who are first learning localization techniques, as well as advanced undergraduates in computer science interested in translating localization concepts into real code. Professionals, engineers and researchers working in location-aware services and related techniques using mobile positioning and AI technologies will find this book to be a helpful reference.
Companion website for the book:
www.wiley.com/go/chan/wireless
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 328
- Erscheinungstermin: 29. Mai 2012
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 250mm x 175mm x 23mm
- Gewicht: 666g
- ISBN-13: 9781118298510
- ISBN-10: 1118298519
- Artikelnr.: 36519585
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 328
- Erscheinungstermin: 29. Mai 2012
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 250mm x 175mm x 23mm
- Gewicht: 666g
- ISBN-13: 9781118298510
- ISBN-10: 1118298519
- Artikelnr.: 36519585
The rescue cat owned by Chris and Ann Dunn, who wrote this book in his memory
Preface xiii About the Authors xvii 1 Introduction toWireless Localization
1 1.1 Open Problems in Positioning Technologies 3 1.1.1 Inaccurate
Positioning Algorithms 3 1.1.2 Unstable Wireless Signal Transmission 4
1.1.3 Unstructured WLAN Infrastructure 4 1.1.4 Lack of Signal Analytical
Models 5 1.2 Factors Leading to Effective Positioning Systems 5 1.2.1 An
Accurate Positioning Algorithm/Approach 6 1.2.2 A Stable WLAN Signal
Transmission 6 1.2.3 A Structural WLAN Infrastructure 7 1.2.4 A Graphical
Fuzzy Signal Visualization Model 7 1.2.5 A Location-aware Information
Retrieval System 7 References 9 Part I: Wi-Fi Positioning Systems 2
Installation of Wi-Fi Infrastructure 13 2.1 What is the IEEE 802.11 Family?
14 2.2 Properties of Wi-Fi Signal Strength 15 2.2.1 Distribution of Wi-Fi
Signal Strength 15 2.2.2 Large Value of Path Loss 17 2.2.3 Small Value of
Path Loss 17 2.2.4 Behavior Study on the Human's Presence 18 2.3 Optimal
Channel Allocation for Wi-Fi Positioning 19 2.3.1 Overlapping Channel
Interference 20 2.3.2 Distribution of Channel Interference 21 2.3.3 Channel
Assignment Schemes 23 2.4 Determining Number of APs to be Installed 24
2.4.1 Square Tessellation Installation 24 2.4.2 Z Factor 24 2.4.3
Environmental Factors 24 2.4.4 Number of Access Points Needed 25 2.5 Other
Tessellation Installations 27 2.5.1 X and Y Factors 27 2.5.2 Environmental
Factors 30 2.5.3 Determining Number of APs to be Installed 30 2.5.4 Summary
of AP Deployment Approach 31 Reference 33 3 Algorithms Used in Wi-Fi
Positioning Systems 35 3.1 Taxonomy of Indoor Positioning Techniques 36 3.2
Propagation-based Algorithms 37 3.2.1 Angle of Arrival (AOA) 38 3.2.2 Time
of Arrival (TOA) 40 3.2.3 Phase of Arrival (POA) 42 3.2.4 Time Difference
of Arrival (TDOA) 43 3.2.5 Roundtrip Time of Flight (RTOF) 46 3.3
Location-fingerprinting-based Algorithms 47 3.3.1 K-Nearest Neighbor
Algorithms 47 3.3.2 Smallest M-vertex Polygon (SMP) 50 3.3.3 Neural Network
50 3.3.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 53 3.3.5 Probabilistic Algorithms 57
3.4 Evaluation of Positioning Techniques 58 3.4.1 Mean Square Error (MSE)
58 3.4.2 Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) 59 3.4.3 Cram`er-Rao Lower
Bound (CRLB) 59 3.4.4 Circular Error of Probable (CEP) 63 3.4.5 Geometric
Dilution of Precision (GDOP) 65 3.5 Comparison of Indoor Positioning System
66 References 68 4 Implementation of Wi-Fi Positioning in iPhone 71 4.1
Site-surveying of Wi-Fi Signals Using iPhone 73 4.2 Implementing Location
Fingerprinting Algorithm in iPhone 83 4.3 Orientation Filter 86 4.4 Newton
Trust-Region Method 88 4.4.1 TR Subproblem 89 4.4.2 TR Fidelity 89 4.4.3 TR
Radius 89 References 95 5 Positioning across Different Mobile Platform 97
5.1 Signal Strength Value Ratio Approach 98 5.1.1 Signal Strength Ratio 98
5.1.2 Log-normalized Signal Strength Ratio 99 5.1.3 K-NN Hyperbolic
Location Fingerprinting 99 5.1.4 Probabilistic Hyperbolic Location
Fingerprinting 100 5.2 Signal Strength Value Difference Approach 100 5.2.1
Signal Strength Value Difference 100 5.2.2 K-NN DIFF Location
Fingerprinting 100 5.2.3 Probabilistic DIFF Location Fingerprinting 100 5.3
Fourier Descriptors Approach 101 5.3.1 Fourier Location Fingerprint 101
5.3.2 Example of Fourier Location Fingerprint 103 5.3.3 K-NN Fourier
Location Fingerprinting 103 5.3.4 Probabilistic Fourier Location
Fingerprinting 104 References 105 6 Wi-Fi Signal Visualization 107 6.1 Why
Do We Need a Wi-Fi Visualization Tool? 107 6.2 Fuzzy Color Map 108 6.2.1
Fuzzy Membership Function 108 6.2.2 Fuzzy Spatio-temporal Cluster 109 6.3
Topographic Map 110 6.3.1 Topographic Node 110 6.3.2 Nelder-Mead Method 110
6.3.3 Topographic Model Generation 112 6.4 Signal Visualization Experiments
and Results 113 6.4.1 Experimental Setup 113 6.4.2 Visualization Results
115 6.5 Refinement of Positioning Systems Based on Wi-Fi Visualization
Result 118 References 120 Part II: Outdoor Positioning Systems 7
Introduction of Global Positioning System 123 7.1 History of GPS 124 7.2
Functions of GPS 125 7.3 Components of GPS 125 7.3.1 Space Segment 125
7.3.2 Control Segment 126 7.3.3 User Segment 127 7.3.4 Ground Segment 127
7.4 Types of GPS Receivers 127 7.5 Sources of Errors in GPS 128 7.5.1
Ephemeris Errors 128 7.5.2 Satellite Clock Errors 129 7.5.3 Receiver Errors
129 7.5.4 Atmospheric Errors 129 7.5.5 Multipath Interference 130 7.6
Precision of the GPS 131 7.6.1 Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) 131
7.6.2 User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) 133 7.7 Coordinate Systems on the
Earth 133 8 Study of GPS Signal and Algorithms 137 8.1 GPS Signals 137
8.1.1 Coarse Acquisition Code 138 8.1.2 Precision Code 138 8.1.3 Navigation
Message 138 8.1.4 Navigation Message Format 139 8.2 Modernized GPS Signals
141 8.2.1 L2 Civil Signal (L2C) 142 8.2.2 L5 Signal 142 8.2.3 M Code 143
8.2.4 L1 Civil Signal (L1C) 143 8.3 GPS Absolute Point Determination 143
8.3.1 Trilateration Algorithm 143 8.3.2 What is Pseudorange? 146 8.3.3
Determining the Location 147 8.3.4 Determining the Location Using
Linearization 148 8.4 Calculating User Velocity 153 9 Differential GPS and
Assisted GPS 157 9.1 Types of DGPS 158 9.2 How DGPS Works 158 9.2.1
Real-time DGPS 158 9.2.2 Post-process DGPS 161 9.3 DGPS Navigation Message
Format 161 9.3.1 RTCM SC-104 Version 2.3 162 9.3.2 RTCM SC-104 Version 3.0
164 9.4 Assisted GPS 166 9.5 AGPS in iPhone 167 9.5.1 Core Location
Framework 168 9.5.2 Core Location 171 9.5.3 GPS Program in iPhone 173 9.5.4
Core Location Heading 176 9.5.5 Compass in iPhone 179 9.5.6 MapKit
framework 180 10 Other Existing Positioning Systems 185 10.1 Acoustic-based
Positioning 186 10.1.1 Active Acoustic Positioning 187 10.1.2 Passive
Acoustic Positioning 187 10.1.3 What is Beamforming? 187 10.1.4
Applications of Acoustic Positioning 188 10.2 Vision-based Positioning 188
10.2.1 Camera-based Positioning 188 10.2.2 Landmark-based Positioning 190
10.2.3 Applications of Vision-based Positioning 192 10.3 What is RFID
Technology and Its Components? 192 10.3.1 RFID Reader 193 10.3.2 RFID Tag
193 10.3.3 RFID Positioning 195 10.3.4 Applications of RFID Positioning 196
Part III: Applications in Wireless Localization 11 AI for Location-aware
Applications 201 11.1 What is Location-aware Application? 202 11.2 What are
AI Techniques? 204 11.2.1 Fuzzy Logic 205 11.2.2 Natural Language
Processing 207 11.3 Example of the Tourist Guide Application 209 11.3.1
System Overview of the Tourist Guide Application 209 11.3.2 Applying Fuzzy
Logic in the Tourist Guide Application 210 11.3.3 Building the Database
Structure 211 11.3.4 Setting Up the Server Side in PHP 212 11.3.5 Setting
Up the Client-side in iPhone 213 12 Beyond Positioning: Video Streaming and
Conferencing 223 12.1 What is Video Streaming? 224 12.1.1 Point-to-point
Video Streaming 224 12.1.2 Multicast Video Streaming 225 12.1.3 Broadcast
Video Streaming 225 12.2 Networks and Formats in Video Streaming 225 12.3
How Does Video Streaming Work? 227 12.3.1 Traditional Video Streaming 228
12.3.2 Adaptive Video Streaming 228 12.4 Location-aware Video Streaming 229
12.4.1 Building the Location-Based Bandwidth Lookup Database 230 12.4.2
Location-based Bit-rate and Quality Monitoring 231 12.5 What is Video
Conferencing? 231 12.6 Implementation of Video Streaming in iPhone 233 12.7
Implementation of Video Conferencing in iPhone 241 Appendix A Starting the
iOS SDK 245 A.1 Getting the iOS SDK 246 A.2 What Can You Create Using iOS
SDK? 248 A.2.1 What Tools Are in the iOS SDK? 248 A.2.2 Apple Developer
Center 249 A.3 Limitations of iPhone Environment 250 A.4 Introduction to
Xcode 251 A.4.1 Xcode Project Template 253 A.4.2 Xcode Project Summary 253
A.5 Xcode Project Interface 254 A.5.1 Toolbar 255 A.5.2 Navigation Area 256
A.5.3 Editor Area 257 A.5.4 Debug Area 257 A.5.5 Utility Area 258 Appendix
B Introduction to Objective-C Programming in iPhone 261 B.1 Objective-C
Program, HelloWorld 262 B.1.1 Using Xcode to Code and Compile Programs 263
B.1.2 What is #import? 265 B.1.3 What is Main? 266 B.1.4 Automatic
Reference Counting (ARC) 266 B.1.5 What is NSLog()? 266 B.2 Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP) 266 B.2.1 Infix Notation 268 B.2.2 The @Interface Section
269 B.2.3 The @Implementation Section 270 B.2.4 The Program Section 271
B.2.5 @property, @synthesize and @dynamic 272 B.2.6 @property in the
@interface Section 273 B.2.7 @synthesize in the @implementation Section 274
B.2.8 @dynamic in the @implementation Section 275 B.2.9 Dot Notation 275
B.2.10 Category 275 B.3 HelloWorld iPhone Application 278 B.3.1 Using
Interface Builder 279 B.3.2 Creating User Interface by Click-dragging
Processes 281 B.4 Creating Your Web Browser in iPhone 282 B.5 Creating a
Simple Map Application 287 B.5.1 Map Function from MapKit Frameworks 289
B.5.2 Locate Yourself and Shift Center View in the Map 291 B.5.3 Translate
and Zoom by MKCoordinateRegion Class 291 B.5.4 Switch from Satellite Map to
Standard Street Map 292 B.5.5 UISlider Item Handles Zoom Events 294 B.5.6
Switches Web Browser and Simple Map Application 298 Index 305
1 1.1 Open Problems in Positioning Technologies 3 1.1.1 Inaccurate
Positioning Algorithms 3 1.1.2 Unstable Wireless Signal Transmission 4
1.1.3 Unstructured WLAN Infrastructure 4 1.1.4 Lack of Signal Analytical
Models 5 1.2 Factors Leading to Effective Positioning Systems 5 1.2.1 An
Accurate Positioning Algorithm/Approach 6 1.2.2 A Stable WLAN Signal
Transmission 6 1.2.3 A Structural WLAN Infrastructure 7 1.2.4 A Graphical
Fuzzy Signal Visualization Model 7 1.2.5 A Location-aware Information
Retrieval System 7 References 9 Part I: Wi-Fi Positioning Systems 2
Installation of Wi-Fi Infrastructure 13 2.1 What is the IEEE 802.11 Family?
14 2.2 Properties of Wi-Fi Signal Strength 15 2.2.1 Distribution of Wi-Fi
Signal Strength 15 2.2.2 Large Value of Path Loss 17 2.2.3 Small Value of
Path Loss 17 2.2.4 Behavior Study on the Human's Presence 18 2.3 Optimal
Channel Allocation for Wi-Fi Positioning 19 2.3.1 Overlapping Channel
Interference 20 2.3.2 Distribution of Channel Interference 21 2.3.3 Channel
Assignment Schemes 23 2.4 Determining Number of APs to be Installed 24
2.4.1 Square Tessellation Installation 24 2.4.2 Z Factor 24 2.4.3
Environmental Factors 24 2.4.4 Number of Access Points Needed 25 2.5 Other
Tessellation Installations 27 2.5.1 X and Y Factors 27 2.5.2 Environmental
Factors 30 2.5.3 Determining Number of APs to be Installed 30 2.5.4 Summary
of AP Deployment Approach 31 Reference 33 3 Algorithms Used in Wi-Fi
Positioning Systems 35 3.1 Taxonomy of Indoor Positioning Techniques 36 3.2
Propagation-based Algorithms 37 3.2.1 Angle of Arrival (AOA) 38 3.2.2 Time
of Arrival (TOA) 40 3.2.3 Phase of Arrival (POA) 42 3.2.4 Time Difference
of Arrival (TDOA) 43 3.2.5 Roundtrip Time of Flight (RTOF) 46 3.3
Location-fingerprinting-based Algorithms 47 3.3.1 K-Nearest Neighbor
Algorithms 47 3.3.2 Smallest M-vertex Polygon (SMP) 50 3.3.3 Neural Network
50 3.3.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 53 3.3.5 Probabilistic Algorithms 57
3.4 Evaluation of Positioning Techniques 58 3.4.1 Mean Square Error (MSE)
58 3.4.2 Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) 59 3.4.3 Cram`er-Rao Lower
Bound (CRLB) 59 3.4.4 Circular Error of Probable (CEP) 63 3.4.5 Geometric
Dilution of Precision (GDOP) 65 3.5 Comparison of Indoor Positioning System
66 References 68 4 Implementation of Wi-Fi Positioning in iPhone 71 4.1
Site-surveying of Wi-Fi Signals Using iPhone 73 4.2 Implementing Location
Fingerprinting Algorithm in iPhone 83 4.3 Orientation Filter 86 4.4 Newton
Trust-Region Method 88 4.4.1 TR Subproblem 89 4.4.2 TR Fidelity 89 4.4.3 TR
Radius 89 References 95 5 Positioning across Different Mobile Platform 97
5.1 Signal Strength Value Ratio Approach 98 5.1.1 Signal Strength Ratio 98
5.1.2 Log-normalized Signal Strength Ratio 99 5.1.3 K-NN Hyperbolic
Location Fingerprinting 99 5.1.4 Probabilistic Hyperbolic Location
Fingerprinting 100 5.2 Signal Strength Value Difference Approach 100 5.2.1
Signal Strength Value Difference 100 5.2.2 K-NN DIFF Location
Fingerprinting 100 5.2.3 Probabilistic DIFF Location Fingerprinting 100 5.3
Fourier Descriptors Approach 101 5.3.1 Fourier Location Fingerprint 101
5.3.2 Example of Fourier Location Fingerprint 103 5.3.3 K-NN Fourier
Location Fingerprinting 103 5.3.4 Probabilistic Fourier Location
Fingerprinting 104 References 105 6 Wi-Fi Signal Visualization 107 6.1 Why
Do We Need a Wi-Fi Visualization Tool? 107 6.2 Fuzzy Color Map 108 6.2.1
Fuzzy Membership Function 108 6.2.2 Fuzzy Spatio-temporal Cluster 109 6.3
Topographic Map 110 6.3.1 Topographic Node 110 6.3.2 Nelder-Mead Method 110
6.3.3 Topographic Model Generation 112 6.4 Signal Visualization Experiments
and Results 113 6.4.1 Experimental Setup 113 6.4.2 Visualization Results
115 6.5 Refinement of Positioning Systems Based on Wi-Fi Visualization
Result 118 References 120 Part II: Outdoor Positioning Systems 7
Introduction of Global Positioning System 123 7.1 History of GPS 124 7.2
Functions of GPS 125 7.3 Components of GPS 125 7.3.1 Space Segment 125
7.3.2 Control Segment 126 7.3.3 User Segment 127 7.3.4 Ground Segment 127
7.4 Types of GPS Receivers 127 7.5 Sources of Errors in GPS 128 7.5.1
Ephemeris Errors 128 7.5.2 Satellite Clock Errors 129 7.5.3 Receiver Errors
129 7.5.4 Atmospheric Errors 129 7.5.5 Multipath Interference 130 7.6
Precision of the GPS 131 7.6.1 Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) 131
7.6.2 User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) 133 7.7 Coordinate Systems on the
Earth 133 8 Study of GPS Signal and Algorithms 137 8.1 GPS Signals 137
8.1.1 Coarse Acquisition Code 138 8.1.2 Precision Code 138 8.1.3 Navigation
Message 138 8.1.4 Navigation Message Format 139 8.2 Modernized GPS Signals
141 8.2.1 L2 Civil Signal (L2C) 142 8.2.2 L5 Signal 142 8.2.3 M Code 143
8.2.4 L1 Civil Signal (L1C) 143 8.3 GPS Absolute Point Determination 143
8.3.1 Trilateration Algorithm 143 8.3.2 What is Pseudorange? 146 8.3.3
Determining the Location 147 8.3.4 Determining the Location Using
Linearization 148 8.4 Calculating User Velocity 153 9 Differential GPS and
Assisted GPS 157 9.1 Types of DGPS 158 9.2 How DGPS Works 158 9.2.1
Real-time DGPS 158 9.2.2 Post-process DGPS 161 9.3 DGPS Navigation Message
Format 161 9.3.1 RTCM SC-104 Version 2.3 162 9.3.2 RTCM SC-104 Version 3.0
164 9.4 Assisted GPS 166 9.5 AGPS in iPhone 167 9.5.1 Core Location
Framework 168 9.5.2 Core Location 171 9.5.3 GPS Program in iPhone 173 9.5.4
Core Location Heading 176 9.5.5 Compass in iPhone 179 9.5.6 MapKit
framework 180 10 Other Existing Positioning Systems 185 10.1 Acoustic-based
Positioning 186 10.1.1 Active Acoustic Positioning 187 10.1.2 Passive
Acoustic Positioning 187 10.1.3 What is Beamforming? 187 10.1.4
Applications of Acoustic Positioning 188 10.2 Vision-based Positioning 188
10.2.1 Camera-based Positioning 188 10.2.2 Landmark-based Positioning 190
10.2.3 Applications of Vision-based Positioning 192 10.3 What is RFID
Technology and Its Components? 192 10.3.1 RFID Reader 193 10.3.2 RFID Tag
193 10.3.3 RFID Positioning 195 10.3.4 Applications of RFID Positioning 196
Part III: Applications in Wireless Localization 11 AI for Location-aware
Applications 201 11.1 What is Location-aware Application? 202 11.2 What are
AI Techniques? 204 11.2.1 Fuzzy Logic 205 11.2.2 Natural Language
Processing 207 11.3 Example of the Tourist Guide Application 209 11.3.1
System Overview of the Tourist Guide Application 209 11.3.2 Applying Fuzzy
Logic in the Tourist Guide Application 210 11.3.3 Building the Database
Structure 211 11.3.4 Setting Up the Server Side in PHP 212 11.3.5 Setting
Up the Client-side in iPhone 213 12 Beyond Positioning: Video Streaming and
Conferencing 223 12.1 What is Video Streaming? 224 12.1.1 Point-to-point
Video Streaming 224 12.1.2 Multicast Video Streaming 225 12.1.3 Broadcast
Video Streaming 225 12.2 Networks and Formats in Video Streaming 225 12.3
How Does Video Streaming Work? 227 12.3.1 Traditional Video Streaming 228
12.3.2 Adaptive Video Streaming 228 12.4 Location-aware Video Streaming 229
12.4.1 Building the Location-Based Bandwidth Lookup Database 230 12.4.2
Location-based Bit-rate and Quality Monitoring 231 12.5 What is Video
Conferencing? 231 12.6 Implementation of Video Streaming in iPhone 233 12.7
Implementation of Video Conferencing in iPhone 241 Appendix A Starting the
iOS SDK 245 A.1 Getting the iOS SDK 246 A.2 What Can You Create Using iOS
SDK? 248 A.2.1 What Tools Are in the iOS SDK? 248 A.2.2 Apple Developer
Center 249 A.3 Limitations of iPhone Environment 250 A.4 Introduction to
Xcode 251 A.4.1 Xcode Project Template 253 A.4.2 Xcode Project Summary 253
A.5 Xcode Project Interface 254 A.5.1 Toolbar 255 A.5.2 Navigation Area 256
A.5.3 Editor Area 257 A.5.4 Debug Area 257 A.5.5 Utility Area 258 Appendix
B Introduction to Objective-C Programming in iPhone 261 B.1 Objective-C
Program, HelloWorld 262 B.1.1 Using Xcode to Code and Compile Programs 263
B.1.2 What is #import? 265 B.1.3 What is Main? 266 B.1.4 Automatic
Reference Counting (ARC) 266 B.1.5 What is NSLog()? 266 B.2 Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP) 266 B.2.1 Infix Notation 268 B.2.2 The @Interface Section
269 B.2.3 The @Implementation Section 270 B.2.4 The Program Section 271
B.2.5 @property, @synthesize and @dynamic 272 B.2.6 @property in the
@interface Section 273 B.2.7 @synthesize in the @implementation Section 274
B.2.8 @dynamic in the @implementation Section 275 B.2.9 Dot Notation 275
B.2.10 Category 275 B.3 HelloWorld iPhone Application 278 B.3.1 Using
Interface Builder 279 B.3.2 Creating User Interface by Click-dragging
Processes 281 B.4 Creating Your Web Browser in iPhone 282 B.5 Creating a
Simple Map Application 287 B.5.1 Map Function from MapKit Frameworks 289
B.5.2 Locate Yourself and Shift Center View in the Map 291 B.5.3 Translate
and Zoom by MKCoordinateRegion Class 291 B.5.4 Switch from Satellite Map to
Standard Street Map 292 B.5.5 UISlider Item Handles Zoom Events 294 B.5.6
Switches Web Browser and Simple Map Application 298 Index 305
Preface xiii About the Authors xvii 1 Introduction toWireless Localization
1 1.1 Open Problems in Positioning Technologies 3 1.1.1 Inaccurate
Positioning Algorithms 3 1.1.2 Unstable Wireless Signal Transmission 4
1.1.3 Unstructured WLAN Infrastructure 4 1.1.4 Lack of Signal Analytical
Models 5 1.2 Factors Leading to Effective Positioning Systems 5 1.2.1 An
Accurate Positioning Algorithm/Approach 6 1.2.2 A Stable WLAN Signal
Transmission 6 1.2.3 A Structural WLAN Infrastructure 7 1.2.4 A Graphical
Fuzzy Signal Visualization Model 7 1.2.5 A Location-aware Information
Retrieval System 7 References 9 Part I: Wi-Fi Positioning Systems 2
Installation of Wi-Fi Infrastructure 13 2.1 What is the IEEE 802.11 Family?
14 2.2 Properties of Wi-Fi Signal Strength 15 2.2.1 Distribution of Wi-Fi
Signal Strength 15 2.2.2 Large Value of Path Loss 17 2.2.3 Small Value of
Path Loss 17 2.2.4 Behavior Study on the Human's Presence 18 2.3 Optimal
Channel Allocation for Wi-Fi Positioning 19 2.3.1 Overlapping Channel
Interference 20 2.3.2 Distribution of Channel Interference 21 2.3.3 Channel
Assignment Schemes 23 2.4 Determining Number of APs to be Installed 24
2.4.1 Square Tessellation Installation 24 2.4.2 Z Factor 24 2.4.3
Environmental Factors 24 2.4.4 Number of Access Points Needed 25 2.5 Other
Tessellation Installations 27 2.5.1 X and Y Factors 27 2.5.2 Environmental
Factors 30 2.5.3 Determining Number of APs to be Installed 30 2.5.4 Summary
of AP Deployment Approach 31 Reference 33 3 Algorithms Used in Wi-Fi
Positioning Systems 35 3.1 Taxonomy of Indoor Positioning Techniques 36 3.2
Propagation-based Algorithms 37 3.2.1 Angle of Arrival (AOA) 38 3.2.2 Time
of Arrival (TOA) 40 3.2.3 Phase of Arrival (POA) 42 3.2.4 Time Difference
of Arrival (TDOA) 43 3.2.5 Roundtrip Time of Flight (RTOF) 46 3.3
Location-fingerprinting-based Algorithms 47 3.3.1 K-Nearest Neighbor
Algorithms 47 3.3.2 Smallest M-vertex Polygon (SMP) 50 3.3.3 Neural Network
50 3.3.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 53 3.3.5 Probabilistic Algorithms 57
3.4 Evaluation of Positioning Techniques 58 3.4.1 Mean Square Error (MSE)
58 3.4.2 Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) 59 3.4.3 Cram`er-Rao Lower
Bound (CRLB) 59 3.4.4 Circular Error of Probable (CEP) 63 3.4.5 Geometric
Dilution of Precision (GDOP) 65 3.5 Comparison of Indoor Positioning System
66 References 68 4 Implementation of Wi-Fi Positioning in iPhone 71 4.1
Site-surveying of Wi-Fi Signals Using iPhone 73 4.2 Implementing Location
Fingerprinting Algorithm in iPhone 83 4.3 Orientation Filter 86 4.4 Newton
Trust-Region Method 88 4.4.1 TR Subproblem 89 4.4.2 TR Fidelity 89 4.4.3 TR
Radius 89 References 95 5 Positioning across Different Mobile Platform 97
5.1 Signal Strength Value Ratio Approach 98 5.1.1 Signal Strength Ratio 98
5.1.2 Log-normalized Signal Strength Ratio 99 5.1.3 K-NN Hyperbolic
Location Fingerprinting 99 5.1.4 Probabilistic Hyperbolic Location
Fingerprinting 100 5.2 Signal Strength Value Difference Approach 100 5.2.1
Signal Strength Value Difference 100 5.2.2 K-NN DIFF Location
Fingerprinting 100 5.2.3 Probabilistic DIFF Location Fingerprinting 100 5.3
Fourier Descriptors Approach 101 5.3.1 Fourier Location Fingerprint 101
5.3.2 Example of Fourier Location Fingerprint 103 5.3.3 K-NN Fourier
Location Fingerprinting 103 5.3.4 Probabilistic Fourier Location
Fingerprinting 104 References 105 6 Wi-Fi Signal Visualization 107 6.1 Why
Do We Need a Wi-Fi Visualization Tool? 107 6.2 Fuzzy Color Map 108 6.2.1
Fuzzy Membership Function 108 6.2.2 Fuzzy Spatio-temporal Cluster 109 6.3
Topographic Map 110 6.3.1 Topographic Node 110 6.3.2 Nelder-Mead Method 110
6.3.3 Topographic Model Generation 112 6.4 Signal Visualization Experiments
and Results 113 6.4.1 Experimental Setup 113 6.4.2 Visualization Results
115 6.5 Refinement of Positioning Systems Based on Wi-Fi Visualization
Result 118 References 120 Part II: Outdoor Positioning Systems 7
Introduction of Global Positioning System 123 7.1 History of GPS 124 7.2
Functions of GPS 125 7.3 Components of GPS 125 7.3.1 Space Segment 125
7.3.2 Control Segment 126 7.3.3 User Segment 127 7.3.4 Ground Segment 127
7.4 Types of GPS Receivers 127 7.5 Sources of Errors in GPS 128 7.5.1
Ephemeris Errors 128 7.5.2 Satellite Clock Errors 129 7.5.3 Receiver Errors
129 7.5.4 Atmospheric Errors 129 7.5.5 Multipath Interference 130 7.6
Precision of the GPS 131 7.6.1 Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) 131
7.6.2 User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) 133 7.7 Coordinate Systems on the
Earth 133 8 Study of GPS Signal and Algorithms 137 8.1 GPS Signals 137
8.1.1 Coarse Acquisition Code 138 8.1.2 Precision Code 138 8.1.3 Navigation
Message 138 8.1.4 Navigation Message Format 139 8.2 Modernized GPS Signals
141 8.2.1 L2 Civil Signal (L2C) 142 8.2.2 L5 Signal 142 8.2.3 M Code 143
8.2.4 L1 Civil Signal (L1C) 143 8.3 GPS Absolute Point Determination 143
8.3.1 Trilateration Algorithm 143 8.3.2 What is Pseudorange? 146 8.3.3
Determining the Location 147 8.3.4 Determining the Location Using
Linearization 148 8.4 Calculating User Velocity 153 9 Differential GPS and
Assisted GPS 157 9.1 Types of DGPS 158 9.2 How DGPS Works 158 9.2.1
Real-time DGPS 158 9.2.2 Post-process DGPS 161 9.3 DGPS Navigation Message
Format 161 9.3.1 RTCM SC-104 Version 2.3 162 9.3.2 RTCM SC-104 Version 3.0
164 9.4 Assisted GPS 166 9.5 AGPS in iPhone 167 9.5.1 Core Location
Framework 168 9.5.2 Core Location 171 9.5.3 GPS Program in iPhone 173 9.5.4
Core Location Heading 176 9.5.5 Compass in iPhone 179 9.5.6 MapKit
framework 180 10 Other Existing Positioning Systems 185 10.1 Acoustic-based
Positioning 186 10.1.1 Active Acoustic Positioning 187 10.1.2 Passive
Acoustic Positioning 187 10.1.3 What is Beamforming? 187 10.1.4
Applications of Acoustic Positioning 188 10.2 Vision-based Positioning 188
10.2.1 Camera-based Positioning 188 10.2.2 Landmark-based Positioning 190
10.2.3 Applications of Vision-based Positioning 192 10.3 What is RFID
Technology and Its Components? 192 10.3.1 RFID Reader 193 10.3.2 RFID Tag
193 10.3.3 RFID Positioning 195 10.3.4 Applications of RFID Positioning 196
Part III: Applications in Wireless Localization 11 AI for Location-aware
Applications 201 11.1 What is Location-aware Application? 202 11.2 What are
AI Techniques? 204 11.2.1 Fuzzy Logic 205 11.2.2 Natural Language
Processing 207 11.3 Example of the Tourist Guide Application 209 11.3.1
System Overview of the Tourist Guide Application 209 11.3.2 Applying Fuzzy
Logic in the Tourist Guide Application 210 11.3.3 Building the Database
Structure 211 11.3.4 Setting Up the Server Side in PHP 212 11.3.5 Setting
Up the Client-side in iPhone 213 12 Beyond Positioning: Video Streaming and
Conferencing 223 12.1 What is Video Streaming? 224 12.1.1 Point-to-point
Video Streaming 224 12.1.2 Multicast Video Streaming 225 12.1.3 Broadcast
Video Streaming 225 12.2 Networks and Formats in Video Streaming 225 12.3
How Does Video Streaming Work? 227 12.3.1 Traditional Video Streaming 228
12.3.2 Adaptive Video Streaming 228 12.4 Location-aware Video Streaming 229
12.4.1 Building the Location-Based Bandwidth Lookup Database 230 12.4.2
Location-based Bit-rate and Quality Monitoring 231 12.5 What is Video
Conferencing? 231 12.6 Implementation of Video Streaming in iPhone 233 12.7
Implementation of Video Conferencing in iPhone 241 Appendix A Starting the
iOS SDK 245 A.1 Getting the iOS SDK 246 A.2 What Can You Create Using iOS
SDK? 248 A.2.1 What Tools Are in the iOS SDK? 248 A.2.2 Apple Developer
Center 249 A.3 Limitations of iPhone Environment 250 A.4 Introduction to
Xcode 251 A.4.1 Xcode Project Template 253 A.4.2 Xcode Project Summary 253
A.5 Xcode Project Interface 254 A.5.1 Toolbar 255 A.5.2 Navigation Area 256
A.5.3 Editor Area 257 A.5.4 Debug Area 257 A.5.5 Utility Area 258 Appendix
B Introduction to Objective-C Programming in iPhone 261 B.1 Objective-C
Program, HelloWorld 262 B.1.1 Using Xcode to Code and Compile Programs 263
B.1.2 What is #import? 265 B.1.3 What is Main? 266 B.1.4 Automatic
Reference Counting (ARC) 266 B.1.5 What is NSLog()? 266 B.2 Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP) 266 B.2.1 Infix Notation 268 B.2.2 The @Interface Section
269 B.2.3 The @Implementation Section 270 B.2.4 The Program Section 271
B.2.5 @property, @synthesize and @dynamic 272 B.2.6 @property in the
@interface Section 273 B.2.7 @synthesize in the @implementation Section 274
B.2.8 @dynamic in the @implementation Section 275 B.2.9 Dot Notation 275
B.2.10 Category 275 B.3 HelloWorld iPhone Application 278 B.3.1 Using
Interface Builder 279 B.3.2 Creating User Interface by Click-dragging
Processes 281 B.4 Creating Your Web Browser in iPhone 282 B.5 Creating a
Simple Map Application 287 B.5.1 Map Function from MapKit Frameworks 289
B.5.2 Locate Yourself and Shift Center View in the Map 291 B.5.3 Translate
and Zoom by MKCoordinateRegion Class 291 B.5.4 Switch from Satellite Map to
Standard Street Map 292 B.5.5 UISlider Item Handles Zoom Events 294 B.5.6
Switches Web Browser and Simple Map Application 298 Index 305
1 1.1 Open Problems in Positioning Technologies 3 1.1.1 Inaccurate
Positioning Algorithms 3 1.1.2 Unstable Wireless Signal Transmission 4
1.1.3 Unstructured WLAN Infrastructure 4 1.1.4 Lack of Signal Analytical
Models 5 1.2 Factors Leading to Effective Positioning Systems 5 1.2.1 An
Accurate Positioning Algorithm/Approach 6 1.2.2 A Stable WLAN Signal
Transmission 6 1.2.3 A Structural WLAN Infrastructure 7 1.2.4 A Graphical
Fuzzy Signal Visualization Model 7 1.2.5 A Location-aware Information
Retrieval System 7 References 9 Part I: Wi-Fi Positioning Systems 2
Installation of Wi-Fi Infrastructure 13 2.1 What is the IEEE 802.11 Family?
14 2.2 Properties of Wi-Fi Signal Strength 15 2.2.1 Distribution of Wi-Fi
Signal Strength 15 2.2.2 Large Value of Path Loss 17 2.2.3 Small Value of
Path Loss 17 2.2.4 Behavior Study on the Human's Presence 18 2.3 Optimal
Channel Allocation for Wi-Fi Positioning 19 2.3.1 Overlapping Channel
Interference 20 2.3.2 Distribution of Channel Interference 21 2.3.3 Channel
Assignment Schemes 23 2.4 Determining Number of APs to be Installed 24
2.4.1 Square Tessellation Installation 24 2.4.2 Z Factor 24 2.4.3
Environmental Factors 24 2.4.4 Number of Access Points Needed 25 2.5 Other
Tessellation Installations 27 2.5.1 X and Y Factors 27 2.5.2 Environmental
Factors 30 2.5.3 Determining Number of APs to be Installed 30 2.5.4 Summary
of AP Deployment Approach 31 Reference 33 3 Algorithms Used in Wi-Fi
Positioning Systems 35 3.1 Taxonomy of Indoor Positioning Techniques 36 3.2
Propagation-based Algorithms 37 3.2.1 Angle of Arrival (AOA) 38 3.2.2 Time
of Arrival (TOA) 40 3.2.3 Phase of Arrival (POA) 42 3.2.4 Time Difference
of Arrival (TDOA) 43 3.2.5 Roundtrip Time of Flight (RTOF) 46 3.3
Location-fingerprinting-based Algorithms 47 3.3.1 K-Nearest Neighbor
Algorithms 47 3.3.2 Smallest M-vertex Polygon (SMP) 50 3.3.3 Neural Network
50 3.3.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 53 3.3.5 Probabilistic Algorithms 57
3.4 Evaluation of Positioning Techniques 58 3.4.1 Mean Square Error (MSE)
58 3.4.2 Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) 59 3.4.3 Cram`er-Rao Lower
Bound (CRLB) 59 3.4.4 Circular Error of Probable (CEP) 63 3.4.5 Geometric
Dilution of Precision (GDOP) 65 3.5 Comparison of Indoor Positioning System
66 References 68 4 Implementation of Wi-Fi Positioning in iPhone 71 4.1
Site-surveying of Wi-Fi Signals Using iPhone 73 4.2 Implementing Location
Fingerprinting Algorithm in iPhone 83 4.3 Orientation Filter 86 4.4 Newton
Trust-Region Method 88 4.4.1 TR Subproblem 89 4.4.2 TR Fidelity 89 4.4.3 TR
Radius 89 References 95 5 Positioning across Different Mobile Platform 97
5.1 Signal Strength Value Ratio Approach 98 5.1.1 Signal Strength Ratio 98
5.1.2 Log-normalized Signal Strength Ratio 99 5.1.3 K-NN Hyperbolic
Location Fingerprinting 99 5.1.4 Probabilistic Hyperbolic Location
Fingerprinting 100 5.2 Signal Strength Value Difference Approach 100 5.2.1
Signal Strength Value Difference 100 5.2.2 K-NN DIFF Location
Fingerprinting 100 5.2.3 Probabilistic DIFF Location Fingerprinting 100 5.3
Fourier Descriptors Approach 101 5.3.1 Fourier Location Fingerprint 101
5.3.2 Example of Fourier Location Fingerprint 103 5.3.3 K-NN Fourier
Location Fingerprinting 103 5.3.4 Probabilistic Fourier Location
Fingerprinting 104 References 105 6 Wi-Fi Signal Visualization 107 6.1 Why
Do We Need a Wi-Fi Visualization Tool? 107 6.2 Fuzzy Color Map 108 6.2.1
Fuzzy Membership Function 108 6.2.2 Fuzzy Spatio-temporal Cluster 109 6.3
Topographic Map 110 6.3.1 Topographic Node 110 6.3.2 Nelder-Mead Method 110
6.3.3 Topographic Model Generation 112 6.4 Signal Visualization Experiments
and Results 113 6.4.1 Experimental Setup 113 6.4.2 Visualization Results
115 6.5 Refinement of Positioning Systems Based on Wi-Fi Visualization
Result 118 References 120 Part II: Outdoor Positioning Systems 7
Introduction of Global Positioning System 123 7.1 History of GPS 124 7.2
Functions of GPS 125 7.3 Components of GPS 125 7.3.1 Space Segment 125
7.3.2 Control Segment 126 7.3.3 User Segment 127 7.3.4 Ground Segment 127
7.4 Types of GPS Receivers 127 7.5 Sources of Errors in GPS 128 7.5.1
Ephemeris Errors 128 7.5.2 Satellite Clock Errors 129 7.5.3 Receiver Errors
129 7.5.4 Atmospheric Errors 129 7.5.5 Multipath Interference 130 7.6
Precision of the GPS 131 7.6.1 Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) 131
7.6.2 User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) 133 7.7 Coordinate Systems on the
Earth 133 8 Study of GPS Signal and Algorithms 137 8.1 GPS Signals 137
8.1.1 Coarse Acquisition Code 138 8.1.2 Precision Code 138 8.1.3 Navigation
Message 138 8.1.4 Navigation Message Format 139 8.2 Modernized GPS Signals
141 8.2.1 L2 Civil Signal (L2C) 142 8.2.2 L5 Signal 142 8.2.3 M Code 143
8.2.4 L1 Civil Signal (L1C) 143 8.3 GPS Absolute Point Determination 143
8.3.1 Trilateration Algorithm 143 8.3.2 What is Pseudorange? 146 8.3.3
Determining the Location 147 8.3.4 Determining the Location Using
Linearization 148 8.4 Calculating User Velocity 153 9 Differential GPS and
Assisted GPS 157 9.1 Types of DGPS 158 9.2 How DGPS Works 158 9.2.1
Real-time DGPS 158 9.2.2 Post-process DGPS 161 9.3 DGPS Navigation Message
Format 161 9.3.1 RTCM SC-104 Version 2.3 162 9.3.2 RTCM SC-104 Version 3.0
164 9.4 Assisted GPS 166 9.5 AGPS in iPhone 167 9.5.1 Core Location
Framework 168 9.5.2 Core Location 171 9.5.3 GPS Program in iPhone 173 9.5.4
Core Location Heading 176 9.5.5 Compass in iPhone 179 9.5.6 MapKit
framework 180 10 Other Existing Positioning Systems 185 10.1 Acoustic-based
Positioning 186 10.1.1 Active Acoustic Positioning 187 10.1.2 Passive
Acoustic Positioning 187 10.1.3 What is Beamforming? 187 10.1.4
Applications of Acoustic Positioning 188 10.2 Vision-based Positioning 188
10.2.1 Camera-based Positioning 188 10.2.2 Landmark-based Positioning 190
10.2.3 Applications of Vision-based Positioning 192 10.3 What is RFID
Technology and Its Components? 192 10.3.1 RFID Reader 193 10.3.2 RFID Tag
193 10.3.3 RFID Positioning 195 10.3.4 Applications of RFID Positioning 196
Part III: Applications in Wireless Localization 11 AI for Location-aware
Applications 201 11.1 What is Location-aware Application? 202 11.2 What are
AI Techniques? 204 11.2.1 Fuzzy Logic 205 11.2.2 Natural Language
Processing 207 11.3 Example of the Tourist Guide Application 209 11.3.1
System Overview of the Tourist Guide Application 209 11.3.2 Applying Fuzzy
Logic in the Tourist Guide Application 210 11.3.3 Building the Database
Structure 211 11.3.4 Setting Up the Server Side in PHP 212 11.3.5 Setting
Up the Client-side in iPhone 213 12 Beyond Positioning: Video Streaming and
Conferencing 223 12.1 What is Video Streaming? 224 12.1.1 Point-to-point
Video Streaming 224 12.1.2 Multicast Video Streaming 225 12.1.3 Broadcast
Video Streaming 225 12.2 Networks and Formats in Video Streaming 225 12.3
How Does Video Streaming Work? 227 12.3.1 Traditional Video Streaming 228
12.3.2 Adaptive Video Streaming 228 12.4 Location-aware Video Streaming 229
12.4.1 Building the Location-Based Bandwidth Lookup Database 230 12.4.2
Location-based Bit-rate and Quality Monitoring 231 12.5 What is Video
Conferencing? 231 12.6 Implementation of Video Streaming in iPhone 233 12.7
Implementation of Video Conferencing in iPhone 241 Appendix A Starting the
iOS SDK 245 A.1 Getting the iOS SDK 246 A.2 What Can You Create Using iOS
SDK? 248 A.2.1 What Tools Are in the iOS SDK? 248 A.2.2 Apple Developer
Center 249 A.3 Limitations of iPhone Environment 250 A.4 Introduction to
Xcode 251 A.4.1 Xcode Project Template 253 A.4.2 Xcode Project Summary 253
A.5 Xcode Project Interface 254 A.5.1 Toolbar 255 A.5.2 Navigation Area 256
A.5.3 Editor Area 257 A.5.4 Debug Area 257 A.5.5 Utility Area 258 Appendix
B Introduction to Objective-C Programming in iPhone 261 B.1 Objective-C
Program, HelloWorld 262 B.1.1 Using Xcode to Code and Compile Programs 263
B.1.2 What is #import? 265 B.1.3 What is Main? 266 B.1.4 Automatic
Reference Counting (ARC) 266 B.1.5 What is NSLog()? 266 B.2 Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP) 266 B.2.1 Infix Notation 268 B.2.2 The @Interface Section
269 B.2.3 The @Implementation Section 270 B.2.4 The Program Section 271
B.2.5 @property, @synthesize and @dynamic 272 B.2.6 @property in the
@interface Section 273 B.2.7 @synthesize in the @implementation Section 274
B.2.8 @dynamic in the @implementation Section 275 B.2.9 Dot Notation 275
B.2.10 Category 275 B.3 HelloWorld iPhone Application 278 B.3.1 Using
Interface Builder 279 B.3.2 Creating User Interface by Click-dragging
Processes 281 B.4 Creating Your Web Browser in iPhone 282 B.5 Creating a
Simple Map Application 287 B.5.1 Map Function from MapKit Frameworks 289
B.5.2 Locate Yourself and Shift Center View in the Map 291 B.5.3 Translate
and Zoom by MKCoordinateRegion Class 291 B.5.4 Switch from Satellite Map to
Standard Street Map 292 B.5.5 UISlider Item Handles Zoom Events 294 B.5.6
Switches Web Browser and Simple Map Application 298 Index 305