An invaluable resource for using air monitoring for industrial hygiene and emergency response--now updated and revised Since the publication of the first edition of Air Monitoring for Toxic Exposures, important changes have occurred in the field of air sampling. Technological advances have led to measurement instruments with greater portability, sensitivity, and complexity. In addition, emergency response and planning personnel now require certain air monitoring skills to be prepared for terrorist incidents that could involve airborne agents. Air Monitoring for Toxic Exposures, Second Edition…mehr
An invaluable resource for using air monitoring for industrial hygiene and emergency response--now updated and revised Since the publication of the first edition of Air Monitoring for Toxic Exposures, important changes have occurred in the field of air sampling. Technological advances have led to measurement instruments with greater portability, sensitivity, and complexity. In addition, emergency response and planning personnel now require certain air monitoring skills to be prepared for terrorist incidents that could involve airborne agents. Air Monitoring for Toxic Exposures, Second Edition covers all these developments and more, making it the most in-depth, comprehensive, and up-to-date reference on the subject available. This book offers ready-to-use information for measuring a wide variety of airborne hazardous materials including chemicals, radon, and bioaerosols. It provides the practical procedures needed for air sampling, collecting biological and bulk samples, evaluating dermal exposures, and determining the advantages and limitations of a given air monitoring method. Seasoned industrial hygienists will appreciate the text's detailed coverage of the latest sampling equipment. Other safety professionals-who may not have or require as detailed a technical understanding-will value the book's "start-to-finish" overview of the subject. And, specifically for fire service, hazmat, and other emergency specialists, a new chapter functions as a stand-alone guide to air monitoring for emergency and terrorism response. Other new or greatly revised chapters cover: * A general overview for less technical readers * How to plan monitoring and use a statistical sampling approach * Monitoring using "sample collection devices" * Sample collection device methods for aerosols * Instruments with sensors for specific chemicals * Instruments for multiple gases and vapors * Colorimetric systems for gas and vapor sampling * Sampling for bioaerosols including mold * Passive monitoring devices A clear style, numerous illustrations and photographs, and easy-to-apply instructions make Air Monitoring for Toxic Exposures, Second Edition an accessible resource for nontechnical or student readers, while its depth of coverage ensures its place as the most comprehensive professional reference on the subject available.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
HENRY J. McDERMOTT is President and Principal Scientist for H. J. McDermott, Inc., which provides professional consulting services in the general area of occupational safety and health, with emphasis in improving safety, health, and environmental performance; risk-based preventive programs; emergency response; ventilation; litigation support; increasing safety; and health staff efficiency and impact.
Inhaltsangabe
PREFACE xi PART I BACKGROUND CONCEPTS FOR AIR MONITORING 1 1 Air Monitoring Review 3 Air Sampling in Perspective 4 Air Sampling Strategy and Plan 6 Types of Air Monitoring 7 Air Sampling Techniques 10 Sample Collection Devices 11 Direct-Reading Devices 23 Monitoring Records 31 Summary 31 References 31 2 Hazards 33 Contaminants 36 Toxic Effects 46 Warning Signs 49 Standards and Guidelines for Air Sampling 52 Exposure Controls 61 Summary 66 References 66 3 Exposure Assessment Strategy and Monitoring Plan 69 Exposure Assessment 70 Performing an Exposure Assessment 73 Exposure Monitoring Plan 88 Summary 92 References 92 4 Air Monitoring at Emergencies Including Terrorism Events 93 Reasons for Air Sampling 95 Terrorism Agents 96 Identifying a Terrorism Event 100 Planning for Emergencies and Terrorism Events 101 Air Sampling for Chemical Agents 104 Air Sampling for Biological Agents 120 Air Sampling for Radiological Hazards 121 Summary 122 References 122 PART II SAMPLE COLLECTION DEVICE METHODS FOR CHEMICALS 125 5 Introduction to Monitoring Using Sample Collection Devices 127 Review of the Metric System 128 Method Selection 129 Pumps and Other Sampling Equipment 130 Understanding the Critical Orifice 133 Calibration Devices 134 Calibration Procedures 137 Sample Identification and Chain of Custody 144 Documenting Exposure Monitoring 145 Performing the Exposure Monitoring 152 Laboratory Analysis 153 Voiding Samples 155 Examples: Calculating Air Monitoring Results 156 Comparing Results to Exposure Limits 158 Summary 158 References 159 6 Sample Collection Device Methods for Gases and Vapors 161 Active Sample Collection Device Monitoring 161 Passive Collectors for Gases and Vapors 192 Summary 205 References 205 7 Sample Collection Device Methods for Aerosols 209 Characterizing Aerosols 210 Aerosol Collection Mechanisms 215 Potential Problems 219 Total Aerosol Samplers 220 Particle Size-Selective Sampling 224 Size-Selective Sampling Devices 227 Sampling for Specific Aerosols 243 Summary 251 References 251 8 Concurrent Sampling for Vapors and Aerosols 253 Collection Methods for Semivolatile Compounds 254 Collection of Multiple Species: Arsenic 260 Combustion Processes: Cigarette Smoke Collection 262 Collection of Mixtures 263 References 264 PART III REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS 265 9 Introduction to Monitoring Using Real-Time Methods 267 Direct-Reading Instruments 268 Colorimetric Systems 293 Summary 294 References 294 10 Instruments with Sensors for Specific Chemicals 295 Calibration 298 Electrochemical Sensors 298 Metal Oxide Sensors 305 Other Detection Principles 312 Specific Chemicals 313 Summary 323 References 323 11 General Survey Instruments for Gases and Vapors 325 Measurement of Explosive Atmospheres: Combustible Gas Indicators 327 Interpretation of Measurements of Explosive Atmospheres 336 Monitoring for Health Hazard Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds: FIDs and PIDs 338 Comparison of FID and PID for General Survey Use 356 Interpretation of General Survey Measurements for Health Hazards 356 Summary 357 References 358 12 Instruments for Multiple Specific Gases and Vapors: GC, GC/MS, and IR 359 Portable Gas Chromatographs (GCs) 360 Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometers 380 Summary 395 References 396 13 Colorimetric Systems for Gas and Vapor Sampling 397 Detector Tubes 398 Long-Term Colorimetric Tubes and Badges 417 Colorimetric Electronic Instruments 421 Summary 425 References 426 14 Real-Time Sampling Methods for Aerosols 427 Light-Scattering Monitors 429 Particle Mass Measurements with the Piezobalance 439 Summary 444 References 444 PART IV MONITORING FOR AIRBORNE AGENTS OTHER THAN CHEMICALS 445 15 Radon Measurements 447 Collection Methods for Radon and Its Progeny in Air 449 Collection Method for Radon in Water 468 Interpretation of Radon Measurements 468 Performing Follow-Up Measurements (After Screening) 469 Summary 470 References 471 16 Sampling for Bioaerosols 473 Bacteria 476 Fungus and Molds 480 Viruses 481 Other Microorganisms 482 Sampling Methods and Strategies 482 Direct-Reading Instruments for Bioaerosols 500 Interpretation of Results 501 Summary 502 References 502 PART V SPECIFIC SAMPLING APPLICATIONS AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 505 17 Specific Sampling Situations 507 Confined Spaces 507 Indoor Air Quality Investigations 511 Leak Testing: Fugitive Emissions Monitoring 532 Welding Fumes 535 Carbon Monoxide from Forklifts 537 Multiple Solvents in Printing Ink Manufacture 538 Summary 539 References 539 18 Biological Monitoring 541 Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs®) 544 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomonitoring 545 Method Selection 546 Interpretation of Results 556 Summary 557 References 558 19 Surface Sampling Methods 561 Wipe Sampling 565 Other Surface Sampling Methods 571 Methods that Directly Assess Worker Exposure 572 Evaluating Sample Results 578 Summary 578 References 579 20 Bulk Sampling Methods 581 Purpose 581 Sample Collection Strategies 582 Containers and Shipping 585 Personal Protection 586 Bulk Air Samples 586 Bulk Samples of Solid or Liquid Chemicals 590 Soil Sampling 597 Water Sampling 602 Summary 613 References 613 APPENDICES 615 Appendix A Air Sampling Procedures 617 Dusts, Mists, and Fumes 617 Asbestos Fibers 618 Active Sampling for Organic Vapors: Adsorption Tubes 619 Gases and Vapors: Bubblers and Impingers 622 Passive Sampling for Organic Vapors: Badges or Dosimeters 623 Respirable Dust Using a Cyclone 624 Silica 626 Total Dust 627 Gasoline and Light Hydrocarbons 628 Welding Fumes 629 Benzene 632 Appendix B Gas and Vapor Calibrations 637 Premixed Gases and Vapors in Cylinders 640 Static Calibration Mixtures 641 Gas Permeation Tubes 645 References 650 Appendix C Field Calibration of Gas and Vapor Sensors 653 Step One: Setting the "Zero" Reading 654 Step Two: Span Calibration 655 Some Calibration Tools 657 Calibrating Liquid Chemical Mixtures 658 Appendix D Chemical-Specific Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analysis 659 INDEX 681
PREFACE xi PART I BACKGROUND CONCEPTS FOR AIR MONITORING 1 1 Air Monitoring Review 3 Air Sampling in Perspective 4 Air Sampling Strategy and Plan 6 Types of Air Monitoring 7 Air Sampling Techniques 10 Sample Collection Devices 11 Direct-Reading Devices 23 Monitoring Records 31 Summary 31 References 31 2 Hazards 33 Contaminants 36 Toxic Effects 46 Warning Signs 49 Standards and Guidelines for Air Sampling 52 Exposure Controls 61 Summary 66 References 66 3 Exposure Assessment Strategy and Monitoring Plan 69 Exposure Assessment 70 Performing an Exposure Assessment 73 Exposure Monitoring Plan 88 Summary 92 References 92 4 Air Monitoring at Emergencies Including Terrorism Events 93 Reasons for Air Sampling 95 Terrorism Agents 96 Identifying a Terrorism Event 100 Planning for Emergencies and Terrorism Events 101 Air Sampling for Chemical Agents 104 Air Sampling for Biological Agents 120 Air Sampling for Radiological Hazards 121 Summary 122 References 122 PART II SAMPLE COLLECTION DEVICE METHODS FOR CHEMICALS 125 5 Introduction to Monitoring Using Sample Collection Devices 127 Review of the Metric System 128 Method Selection 129 Pumps and Other Sampling Equipment 130 Understanding the Critical Orifice 133 Calibration Devices 134 Calibration Procedures 137 Sample Identification and Chain of Custody 144 Documenting Exposure Monitoring 145 Performing the Exposure Monitoring 152 Laboratory Analysis 153 Voiding Samples 155 Examples: Calculating Air Monitoring Results 156 Comparing Results to Exposure Limits 158 Summary 158 References 159 6 Sample Collection Device Methods for Gases and Vapors 161 Active Sample Collection Device Monitoring 161 Passive Collectors for Gases and Vapors 192 Summary 205 References 205 7 Sample Collection Device Methods for Aerosols 209 Characterizing Aerosols 210 Aerosol Collection Mechanisms 215 Potential Problems 219 Total Aerosol Samplers 220 Particle Size-Selective Sampling 224 Size-Selective Sampling Devices 227 Sampling for Specific Aerosols 243 Summary 251 References 251 8 Concurrent Sampling for Vapors and Aerosols 253 Collection Methods for Semivolatile Compounds 254 Collection of Multiple Species: Arsenic 260 Combustion Processes: Cigarette Smoke Collection 262 Collection of Mixtures 263 References 264 PART III REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS 265 9 Introduction to Monitoring Using Real-Time Methods 267 Direct-Reading Instruments 268 Colorimetric Systems 293 Summary 294 References 294 10 Instruments with Sensors for Specific Chemicals 295 Calibration 298 Electrochemical Sensors 298 Metal Oxide Sensors 305 Other Detection Principles 312 Specific Chemicals 313 Summary 323 References 323 11 General Survey Instruments for Gases and Vapors 325 Measurement of Explosive Atmospheres: Combustible Gas Indicators 327 Interpretation of Measurements of Explosive Atmospheres 336 Monitoring for Health Hazard Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds: FIDs and PIDs 338 Comparison of FID and PID for General Survey Use 356 Interpretation of General Survey Measurements for Health Hazards 356 Summary 357 References 358 12 Instruments for Multiple Specific Gases and Vapors: GC, GC/MS, and IR 359 Portable Gas Chromatographs (GCs) 360 Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometers 380 Summary 395 References 396 13 Colorimetric Systems for Gas and Vapor Sampling 397 Detector Tubes 398 Long-Term Colorimetric Tubes and Badges 417 Colorimetric Electronic Instruments 421 Summary 425 References 426 14 Real-Time Sampling Methods for Aerosols 427 Light-Scattering Monitors 429 Particle Mass Measurements with the Piezobalance 439 Summary 444 References 444 PART IV MONITORING FOR AIRBORNE AGENTS OTHER THAN CHEMICALS 445 15 Radon Measurements 447 Collection Methods for Radon and Its Progeny in Air 449 Collection Method for Radon in Water 468 Interpretation of Radon Measurements 468 Performing Follow-Up Measurements (After Screening) 469 Summary 470 References 471 16 Sampling for Bioaerosols 473 Bacteria 476 Fungus and Molds 480 Viruses 481 Other Microorganisms 482 Sampling Methods and Strategies 482 Direct-Reading Instruments for Bioaerosols 500 Interpretation of Results 501 Summary 502 References 502 PART V SPECIFIC SAMPLING APPLICATIONS AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 505 17 Specific Sampling Situations 507 Confined Spaces 507 Indoor Air Quality Investigations 511 Leak Testing: Fugitive Emissions Monitoring 532 Welding Fumes 535 Carbon Monoxide from Forklifts 537 Multiple Solvents in Printing Ink Manufacture 538 Summary 539 References 539 18 Biological Monitoring 541 Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs®) 544 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomonitoring 545 Method Selection 546 Interpretation of Results 556 Summary 557 References 558 19 Surface Sampling Methods 561 Wipe Sampling 565 Other Surface Sampling Methods 571 Methods that Directly Assess Worker Exposure 572 Evaluating Sample Results 578 Summary 578 References 579 20 Bulk Sampling Methods 581 Purpose 581 Sample Collection Strategies 582 Containers and Shipping 585 Personal Protection 586 Bulk Air Samples 586 Bulk Samples of Solid or Liquid Chemicals 590 Soil Sampling 597 Water Sampling 602 Summary 613 References 613 APPENDICES 615 Appendix A Air Sampling Procedures 617 Dusts, Mists, and Fumes 617 Asbestos Fibers 618 Active Sampling for Organic Vapors: Adsorption Tubes 619 Gases and Vapors: Bubblers and Impingers 622 Passive Sampling for Organic Vapors: Badges or Dosimeters 623 Respirable Dust Using a Cyclone 624 Silica 626 Total Dust 627 Gasoline and Light Hydrocarbons 628 Welding Fumes 629 Benzene 632 Appendix B Gas and Vapor Calibrations 637 Premixed Gases and Vapors in Cylinders 640 Static Calibration Mixtures 641 Gas Permeation Tubes 645 References 650 Appendix C Field Calibration of Gas and Vapor Sensors 653 Step One: Setting the "Zero" Reading 654 Step Two: Span Calibration 655 Some Calibration Tools 657 Calibrating Liquid Chemical Mixtures 658 Appendix D Chemical-Specific Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analysis 659 INDEX 681
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