There is very little research on Kindergarten through fifth grade mathematics education and even less that compares different countries. The motivating factor for this study was this paucity of research and the critical importance of mathematics education. Javnika Shah researched the area of study, compiled a literature review, collected data, and performed a cross-cultural comparison of two vast systems for teaching fourth-grade mathematics in the states of Minnesota (USA) and Gujarat (India)-analyzing standards, curriculum, and textbooks.