Providing a guide for marine conservation practice, Marine Conservation takes a whole-systems approach, covering major advances in marine ecosystem understanding. Its premise is that conservation must be informed by the natural histories of organisms together with the hierarchy of scale-related linkages and ecosystem processes. The authors introduce a broad range of overlapping issues and the conservation mechanisms that have been devised to achieve marine conservation goals. The book provides students and conservation practitioners with a framework for thoughtful, critical thinking in order…mehr
Providing a guide for marine conservation practice, Marine Conservation takes a whole-systems approach, covering major advances in marine ecosystem understanding. Its premise is that conservation must be informed by the natural histories of organisms together with the hierarchy of scale-related linkages and ecosystem processes. The authors introduce a broad range of overlapping issues and the conservation mechanisms that have been devised to achieve marine conservation goals. The book provides students and conservation practitioners with a framework for thoughtful, critical thinking in order to incite innovation in the 21st century.
"Marine Conservation presents a scholarly but eminently readable case for the necessity of a systems approach to conserving the oceans, combining superb introductions to the science, law and policy frameworks with carefully chosen case studies. This superb volume is a must for anyone interested in marine conservation, from students and practitioners to lay readers and policy-makers." --Simon Levin, George M. Moffett Professor of Biology, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton UniversityHinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
G. CARLETON RAY is Research Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. He has conducted basic and applied research in polar and temperate regions and in the tropics, concentrating on natural history of fishes and marine mammals, biodiversity, and conservation science. He has also been actively engaged in marine conservation policy development and marine protected area establishment nationally and internationally. JERRY MCCORMICK-RAY is Senior Scientist at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. Her research has focused on marine mammals and marine invertebrates, physiological effects of pollution, and benthic faunal ecology in estuaries and in the Arctic. She has been actively engaged in marine conservation science and its application to policy and protected areas nationally and internationally. ROBERT L. SMITH JR. grew up in West Virginia and studied art and biology at West Virginia University. He resides in Albemarle County Virginia where he illustrates books and takes care of his small-scale poultry farm. Bob has done illustration work for trade and text books, as well as for numerous journals and magazines.
Inhaltsangabe
Contributors ix Preface xii About the companion website xiv 1 IN PURSUIT OF MARINE CONSERVATION 1 1.1 The emergence of modern marine conservation 1 1.2 Defining "marine conservation" 4 1.3 Marine conservation's scope 4 1.4 Adapting marine conservation to the 21st century 5 2 MARINE CONSERVATION ISSUES 7 2.1 Igniting marine conservation concern 7 2.2 Primary issues: loss of marine biodiversity 7 2.3 Secondary issues: human activities 13 2.4 Tertiary issues: emergent and unintended consequences 30 2.5 The challenge for the 21st century 35 3 MARINE CONSERVATION MECHANISMS 43 3.1 The toolkit 43 3.2 Biological conservation 43 3.3 Spatially explicit conservation 48 3.4 Governance: policy strategy tactics 50 3.5 Policy instruments for marine conservation 54 3.6 Management concepts 65 3.7 Agents for conservation 68 3.8 Conclusion 70 4 MARINE SYSTEMS: THE BASE FOR CONSERVATION 74 4.1 A systems approach 74 4.2 Dynamic planetary forces 74 4.3 Major ocean structures and conditions 78 4.4 Planetary cycles 81 4.5 Major planetary interfaces 82 4.6 The dynamic coastal realm 86 4.7 The coastal realm: an ecosystem of global importance 92 4.8 The ecosystem concept 97 4.9 Ecosystem base for conservation 99 5 NATURAL HISTORY OF MARINE ORGANISMS 105 5.1 What is natural history? 105 5.2 Darwinian evolution 105 5.3 Diversity of marine life 106 5.4 Life history 112 5.5 Biological associations 123 5.6 Biogeographic patterns in space and time 126 5.7 Biotic functional diversity 127 5.8 "Seascape" as an organizing principle 131 5.9 Natural history: the basis for conservation 132 6 CHESAPEAKE BAY: ESTUARINE RESTORATION WITH AN ENVIRONMENTAL DEBT 137 6.1 The great shellfish bay 137 6.2 Ecological linkages to natural wealth 137 6.3 Eastern oyster: quintessential estuarine species 151 6.4 From resource abundance to ecosystem change 154 6.5 Bay restoration: chartering a course 163 6.6 People shall judge 165 7 BERING SEA SEALS AND WALRUSES: RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 171 G. Carleton Ray Gary L. Hufford Thomas R. Loughlin and Igor Krupnik 7.1 A short history of dramatic change 171 7.2 Biophysical setting 172 7.3 Marine mammals of the southeastern Bering Sea 174 7.4 Ice-dependent pinnipeds of the northern Bering Sea 179 7.5 Do large marine mammals matter? 186 7.6 The conflict arena 191 7.7 Cultural factors: subsistence hunting traditional knowledge and community well-being 194 7.8 Are Beringian pinnipeds and the Bering Sea ecosystem at risk? 197 8 THE BAHAMAS: CONSERVATION FOR A TROPICAL ISLAND NATION 200 8.1 A nation of islands 200 8.2 Biophysical and social setting 200 8.3 Conservation issues 207 8.4 Governance for sustainability 222 8.5 Island system at a crossroads 230 9 THE ISLES OF SCILLY: SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY 234 Richard M. Warwick 9.1 Setting the scene 234 9.2 Physical and biogeographic setting 234 9.3 Measuring and measures of biodiversity 237 9.4 Sustaining biodiversity from possible threats 253 9.5 Conservation legislation mechanisms and voluntary actions 256 9.6 The conservation status of Scilly 260 10 GWAII HAANAS: FROM CONFLICT TO COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 262 N. A. Sloan 10.1 Nation-to-nation pursuit of land-sea conservation 262 10.2 Natural heritage 263 10.3 Cultural and commercial heritage 272 10.4 Integrating land-sea conservation 278 10.5 Crucible for ecosystem-based management 284 11 SOUTH AFRICA: COASTAL-MARINE CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN A DYNAMIC SOCIO-POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT 288 Barry Clark and Allan Heydorn 11.1 A challenge for governance 288 11.2 South Africa's coastal realm: physical biotic and human setting 289 11.3 Major conservation issues of South African coasts 294 11.4 Coastal resource management: past and present 303 11.5 In pursuit of the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve 306 11.6 The future of coastal management in South Africa 311 12 SPECIES-DRIVEN CONSERVATION OF PATAGONIAN SEASCAPES 315 Claudio Campagna Valeria Falabella and Victoria Zavattieri 12.1 Darwin's Patagonia 315 12.2 A conservation dilemma 316 12.3 Oceanographic and biogeographic settings 319 12.4 Conservation setting: the status of a non-pristine ocean 322 12.5 Seascape species: a first approach to setting conservation priorities 323 12.6 From seascape spaces to important foraging areas 324 12.7 The concept of "Large Ocean Reserves" 326 12.8 A first step towards a Patagonian Sea LOR: candidate areas for conservation 331 12.9 Making slow progress 335 References 336 Suggested readings 337 13 FROM BEING TO BECOMING: A FUTURE VISION 339 13.1 The new normal 339 13.2 From being . . . 339 13.3 . . . to becoming 340 13.4 Emerging concepts for marine conservation 344 13.5 Look to the future 353 References 353 Species index 357 Subject index 361
Contributors ix Preface xii About the companion website xiv 1 IN PURSUIT OF MARINE CONSERVATION 1 1.1 The emergence of modern marine conservation 1 1.2 Defining "marine conservation" 4 1.3 Marine conservation's scope 4 1.4 Adapting marine conservation to the 21st century 5 2 MARINE CONSERVATION ISSUES 7 2.1 Igniting marine conservation concern 7 2.2 Primary issues: loss of marine biodiversity 7 2.3 Secondary issues: human activities 13 2.4 Tertiary issues: emergent and unintended consequences 30 2.5 The challenge for the 21st century 35 3 MARINE CONSERVATION MECHANISMS 43 3.1 The toolkit 43 3.2 Biological conservation 43 3.3 Spatially explicit conservation 48 3.4 Governance: policy strategy tactics 50 3.5 Policy instruments for marine conservation 54 3.6 Management concepts 65 3.7 Agents for conservation 68 3.8 Conclusion 70 4 MARINE SYSTEMS: THE BASE FOR CONSERVATION 74 4.1 A systems approach 74 4.2 Dynamic planetary forces 74 4.3 Major ocean structures and conditions 78 4.4 Planetary cycles 81 4.5 Major planetary interfaces 82 4.6 The dynamic coastal realm 86 4.7 The coastal realm: an ecosystem of global importance 92 4.8 The ecosystem concept 97 4.9 Ecosystem base for conservation 99 5 NATURAL HISTORY OF MARINE ORGANISMS 105 5.1 What is natural history? 105 5.2 Darwinian evolution 105 5.3 Diversity of marine life 106 5.4 Life history 112 5.5 Biological associations 123 5.6 Biogeographic patterns in space and time 126 5.7 Biotic functional diversity 127 5.8 "Seascape" as an organizing principle 131 5.9 Natural history: the basis for conservation 132 6 CHESAPEAKE BAY: ESTUARINE RESTORATION WITH AN ENVIRONMENTAL DEBT 137 6.1 The great shellfish bay 137 6.2 Ecological linkages to natural wealth 137 6.3 Eastern oyster: quintessential estuarine species 151 6.4 From resource abundance to ecosystem change 154 6.5 Bay restoration: chartering a course 163 6.6 People shall judge 165 7 BERING SEA SEALS AND WALRUSES: RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 171 G. Carleton Ray Gary L. Hufford Thomas R. Loughlin and Igor Krupnik 7.1 A short history of dramatic change 171 7.2 Biophysical setting 172 7.3 Marine mammals of the southeastern Bering Sea 174 7.4 Ice-dependent pinnipeds of the northern Bering Sea 179 7.5 Do large marine mammals matter? 186 7.6 The conflict arena 191 7.7 Cultural factors: subsistence hunting traditional knowledge and community well-being 194 7.8 Are Beringian pinnipeds and the Bering Sea ecosystem at risk? 197 8 THE BAHAMAS: CONSERVATION FOR A TROPICAL ISLAND NATION 200 8.1 A nation of islands 200 8.2 Biophysical and social setting 200 8.3 Conservation issues 207 8.4 Governance for sustainability 222 8.5 Island system at a crossroads 230 9 THE ISLES OF SCILLY: SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY 234 Richard M. Warwick 9.1 Setting the scene 234 9.2 Physical and biogeographic setting 234 9.3 Measuring and measures of biodiversity 237 9.4 Sustaining biodiversity from possible threats 253 9.5 Conservation legislation mechanisms and voluntary actions 256 9.6 The conservation status of Scilly 260 10 GWAII HAANAS: FROM CONFLICT TO COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 262 N. A. Sloan 10.1 Nation-to-nation pursuit of land-sea conservation 262 10.2 Natural heritage 263 10.3 Cultural and commercial heritage 272 10.4 Integrating land-sea conservation 278 10.5 Crucible for ecosystem-based management 284 11 SOUTH AFRICA: COASTAL-MARINE CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN A DYNAMIC SOCIO-POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT 288 Barry Clark and Allan Heydorn 11.1 A challenge for governance 288 11.2 South Africa's coastal realm: physical biotic and human setting 289 11.3 Major conservation issues of South African coasts 294 11.4 Coastal resource management: past and present 303 11.5 In pursuit of the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve 306 11.6 The future of coastal management in South Africa 311 12 SPECIES-DRIVEN CONSERVATION OF PATAGONIAN SEASCAPES 315 Claudio Campagna Valeria Falabella and Victoria Zavattieri 12.1 Darwin's Patagonia 315 12.2 A conservation dilemma 316 12.3 Oceanographic and biogeographic settings 319 12.4 Conservation setting: the status of a non-pristine ocean 322 12.5 Seascape species: a first approach to setting conservation priorities 323 12.6 From seascape spaces to important foraging areas 324 12.7 The concept of "Large Ocean Reserves" 326 12.8 A first step towards a Patagonian Sea LOR: candidate areas for conservation 331 12.9 Making slow progress 335 References 336 Suggested readings 337 13 FROM BEING TO BECOMING: A FUTURE VISION 339 13.1 The new normal 339 13.2 From being . . . 339 13.3 . . . to becoming 340 13.4 Emerging concepts for marine conservation 344 13.5 Look to the future 353 References 353 Species index 357 Subject index 361
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