Rice, maize, and wheat are major cereals contributing to food security and income in South Asia. These crops are grown either as a monoculture or in rotations in tropical and sub-tropical environments of South Asia. In the irrigated and favourable rainfed lowland areas, rice-rice (R-R), rice-wheat (R-W), and rice-maize (R-M) are the predominant cropping systems. Rice-maize systems are practiced mostly in the south (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka) and in the northeast (Bihar and West Bengal) parts of India with acreage of more than 0.5 Mha Andhra Pradesh has the highest acreage under R-M system in South India where this system is rapidly increasing under resource-conserving technologies, mostly zero tillage.
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